ABSTRACTAnaplasma phagocytophilum, a Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium infects primarily neutrophil granulocytes. Infection withA. phagocytophilumleads to inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis and consequently contributes to the longevity of the host cells. Previous studies demonstrated that the infection inhibits the executionary apoptotic machinery in neutrophils. However, little attempt has been made to explore which survival signals are modulated by the pathogen. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways, which are considered as important survival pathways in neutrophils, are involved inA. phagocytophilum-induced apoptosis delay. Our data show that infection of neutrophils withA. phagocytophilumactivates the PI3K/Akt pathway and suggest that this pathway, which in turn maintains the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, contributes to the infection-induced apoptosis delay. In addition, the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in the activation of NF-κB inA. phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils. Activation of NF-κB leads to the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) from infected neutrophils, which, in an autocrine manner, delays neutrophil apoptosis. In addition, enhanced expression of the antiapoptotic protein cIAP2 was observed inA. phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils. Taken together, the data indicate that upstream of the apoptotic cascade, signaling via the PI3K/Akt pathway plays a major role for apoptosis delay inA. phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor Inhibits UVB-induced Apoptosis of Human Keratinocytes but Not of Keratinocyte-derived Cell Lines via the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT Pathway
