The biogeographical status of Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursch in sub-Arctic southern Greenland: Do pollen records indicate local populations during the past 1500 years?

Polar Biology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Ledger ◽  
Kevin J. Edwards ◽  
J. Edward Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Alnus Crispa ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pollen Records

Dealing with international crimes in post-war Bosnia: A look through the lens of the affected population

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Jones ◽  
Stephan Parmentier ◽  
Elmar G.M. Weitekamp
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Post War

Debates about serious human rights violations and international crimes committed in the past appear during times of political transition. New political elites are confronted with fundamental questions of how to seek truth, establish accountability for offenders, provide reparation to victims, promote reconciliation, deal with trauma and build trust. ‘Transitional’ or ‘post-conflict justice’ is most often managed by elites, national and international, while the views and expectations of the local populations are rarely taken into account. Population-based research can yield deep insights into strategies and mechanisms for dealing with the crimes of the past. This paper reports on the major findings of a study in Bosnia and on the factors that may contribute to trust and reconciliation in the country.

scholarly journals The Future of Welfare History: the Local Perspective

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Alysa Levene
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Case ◽  
History Of ◽  
Welfare History ◽  
Local Perspectives

This short article examines what local perspectives have added—and continue to add—to welfare history. The paper begins by summarising the work of the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure on households and the ways they functioned and shows how work on local populations set many of today's research agendas. It then argues that a fruitful way forward might be to use national and regional studies to identify local case studies that would be particularly interesting or informative. This point is illustrated by discussing a range of examples. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of 'big' data and digitisation for local studies of welfare in the past.

Postglacial evolution of forest and grassland in south edge of Gobi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Han ◽  
Hongyan Liu ◽  
Lingyu Zhou ◽  
Qian Hao ◽  
Ying Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Robust Method ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pollen Records

<p>Tree and grass coexist in south edge of Gobi, northern China. In this region, forest plays an important role in windbreak and sand fixation, and grassland is the foundation of animal husbandry. Afforestation can improve the environment and regulate the climate, but it also restricts the animal husbandry by reducing grassland. Based on robust method for tree and grass cover reconstruction with 19 000-year-long pollen records from northern China, we show that, the past tree cover peaked during the early Holocene (30.7±12.3%), and grass cover was generally stable (45.3±3.9%). Temperature, precipitation, tree-grass competition and fire had driven the postglacial evolution of tree/grass cover, and forest can suppress grassland by tree-grass competition when tree cover is higher than 13.8%. Our study provides implications for weighting between afforestation and grassland protection.</p>

scholarly journals The maintenance of law and order in the china–vietnam borderlands during the french colonial period (1896–1940)

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Johann Grémont
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Ethnic Population ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Contemporary Issue ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Harsh Climate

The item about border between China and Vietnam is not just a contemporary issue. Its building and its story takes its roots in the past and the colonial period played a major role. This article aims to analyse how the French colonial administration tried to keep order on the Tonkin border. First, the structure of the maintenance of law and order along the border is analysed to better understand how these diverse borderlands areas with a harsh climate and a multi-ethnic population resulted in many issues, giving birth to the challenges of law and order on border. Then, dynamics of cross border criminal activities are studied. The authority of these isolated French colonial troops in the borderlands is usually fragile. In front of this situation, the author will question the colonial administrations response against the threat of cross border criminality. Military actions and police operations are mixed and order and law is kept thanks to an auxiliary force made up of local populations, the partisans, that is the real backbone to maintain law and order in the borderlands.

scholarly journals Controlled comparison of species- and community-level models across novel climates and communities

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1826) ◽  
pp. 20152817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin C. Maguire ◽  
Diego Nieto-Lugilde ◽  
Jessica L. Blois ◽  
Matthew C. Fitzpatrick ◽  
John W. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution Models ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Fossil Pollen ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Environmental Responses ◽  
Pollen Records

Species distribution models (SDMs) assume species exist in isolation and do not influence one another's distributions, thus potentially limiting their ability to predict biodiversity patterns. Community-level models (CLMs) capitalize on species co-occurrences to fit shared environmental responses of species and communities, and therefore may result in more robust and transferable models. Here, we conduct a controlled comparison of five paired SDMs and CLMs across changing climates, using palaeoclimatic simulations and fossil-pollen records of eastern North America for the past 21 000 years. Both SDMs and CLMs performed poorly when projected to time periods that are temporally distant and climatically dissimilar from those in which they were fit; however, CLMs generally outperformed SDMs in these instances, especially when models were fit with sparse calibration datasets. Additionally, CLMs did not over-fit training data, unlike SDMs. The expected emergence of novel climates presents a major forecasting challenge for all models, but CLMs may better rise to this challenge by borrowing information from co-occurring taxa.

Quantitative land-cover change in West Africa over the Holocene: case study in Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Githumbi ◽  
Marie-Jose Gaillard ◽  
Anne-Marie Lezine ◽  
Gaston Achoundong ◽  
Christelle Hély ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
The Past ◽  
Landscape Reconstruction ◽  
Pollen Productivity ◽  
Pollen Records

<p>Currently interaction between climate and land-cover change in the past across the globe, and whether drivers are anthropogenic or natural are among the biggest debates. The impacts of climate and land-cover change are having significant consequences on biodiversity and ecosystems. Wide ranging palaeoenvironmental methods have contributed to this debate by providing long-term records of both climate and land-cover change. This provide the context for evaluating the effect of land-cover change on climate.  Inferred past land-cover and climate change from palaeoecological proxies therefore need to be quantified to provide reliable estimates of change; there are several methods of quantifying land-cover change in the past of which the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm (LRA)  can estimate past land-cover change quantitatively at both regional and local spatial scales using fossil pollen records. The LRA includes two models (REVEALS and LOVE) and has already been tested and validated in Europe, North America, and China.</p><p>In this study, we apply the LRA on Holocene pollen records in Cameroon to estimate past land-cover change. This is the first pollen-based, quantitative land-cover reconstruction using LRA in Africa.  It will provide a comparison with land-cover change described from raw pollen data and useful information for climate modelling. The first phase involved the estimation of relative pollen productivity (RPP) for 13 taxa using the pollen-vegetation relationship described by the ERV model. The second phase involves the application of LRA using the RPPs from the 13 taxa.</p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong><strong>Acknowledgements</strong>: We thank the French ANR (National Research Agency; projects C3A ANR-09-PEXT-001 and VULPES ANR-15-MASC-0003) and the Belgian project BR/132/A1/AFRIFORD for financial support, IRD (France) and the Ministry of Research and National Herbarium of Cameroon for research facilities and authorizations, and A. Vincens, J.-P. Cazet, G. Buchet, L. Février, and K. Lemonnier (CNRS) for laboratory and field assistance. The study is a contribution to PAGES LandCover6k (www.pastglobalchanges.org/ini/wg/landcover6k/intro).</p>

Vegetation and environment changes inferred from pollen records since 3000 cal. yr BP in Kanas wetland, Xinjiang

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 907-916
Author(s):  
Yumei Li ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Zhaochen Kong ◽  
Long Zhao ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Temperature Reconstruction ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Weighted Averaging ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
The Past ◽  
North Xinjiang ◽  
Pollen Records

Abstract Aims Climate change can significantly affect the vegetation worldwide. Thus, paleovegetation and paleoclimate reconstruction should consider the quantitative relationship between modern vegetation and climate. The specific objectives of this study were (i) to assess the influence of environmental variables on pollen assemblages in the Kanas region, (ii) to reconstruct the evolution of vegetation over the past 3000 years using pollen records and (iii) to quantify historical climate change (including mean annual temperature and total annual precipitation) using a weighted averaging partial least squares regression method (WAPLS) applied to fossil pollen data from the Kanas wetland in Xinjiang, China. Methods A total of 65 surface and 50 fossil samples were collected from the Kanas wetland and analysed for 14C, pollen and grain size. By combining these data with those obtained from 214 samples of surface pollen assemblages in north Xinjiang, the late Holocene climate was reconstructed using a WAPLS model. Important Findings The vegetation in Kanas was dominated by forest for the past 3000 years, undergoing an arbour-vegetation transition from predominantly pine to spruce over that period. The WAPLS model showed that the paleoclimate progressed from cold-wet to warm-dry and subsequently back to cold-wet. Prior to 1350 calibrated years before the present (cal. yr BP), the climate of Kanas was cold and wet, and conditions became increasingly warm and dry until 870 cal. yr BP. The temperature reconstruction model indicated that a ‘Little Ice Age’ occurred ~380 cal. yr BP. These data will help us improve the understanding of abrupt climate change and provide important information regarding the prediction of climate.

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