scholarly journals Meniscus, articular cartilage and nucleus pulposus: a comparative review of cartilage-like tissues in anatomy, development and function

2017 ◽  
Vol 370 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Chen ◽  
Peiliang Fu ◽  
Haishan Wu ◽  
Ming Pei
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
And Function

Joints and connective tissue—structure and function

2020 ◽  
pp. 4379-4385
Author(s):  
Thomas Pap ◽  
Adelheid Korb-Pap ◽  
Christine Hartmann ◽  
Jessica Bertrand
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Inflammatory Joint Diseases ◽  
Synovial Joints ◽  
Key Features ◽  
And Function ◽  
Connective Tissue Structure

Synovial joints are complex functional elements of the vertebrate body that provide animals with motion capabilities and hence the ability for locomotion and direct physical interaction with their environment. They are composed of different connective tissues structures that are derived from the same developmental structures in the embryo but have distinct cellular and biochemical properties. Articular cartilage and synovial membrane are key components of synovial joints and show several peculiarities that makes them different from other tissues. An in-depth knowledge of these features is important not only for understanding key features of articular function, but also providing explanations for important characteristics of both degenerative and inflammatory joint diseases. This chapter reviews the structure, biochemical composition, and function of articular cartilage and synovium, and points to important links between physiology and pathologic conditions, particularly arthritis.

scholarly journals Recent advances on gradient hydrogels in biomimetic cartilage tissue engineering

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 2158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Gadjanski
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Cartilaginous Tissue ◽  
Zonal Structure ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
And Function

Articular cartilage (AC) is a seemingly simple tissue that has only one type of constituting cell and no blood vessels and nerves. In the early days of tissue engineering, cartilage appeared to be an easy and promising target for reconstruction and this was especially motivating because of widespread AC pathologies such as osteoarthritis and frequent sports-induced injuries. However, AC has proven to be anything but simple. Recreating the varying properties of its zonal structure is a challenge that has not yet been fully answered. This caused the shift in tissue engineering strategies toward bioinspired or biomimetic approaches that attempt to mimic and simulate as much as possible the structure and function of the native tissues. Hydrogels, particularly gradient hydrogels, have shown great potential as components of the biomimetic engineering of the cartilaginous tissue.

scholarly journals Doxycycline preserves chondrocyte viability and function in human and calf articular cartilage ex vivo

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (17) ◽  
pp. e14571
Author(s):  
Li Yue ◽  
Brian Vuong ◽  
Hongwei Yao ◽  
Brett D. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Chondrocyte Viability ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals A Comparative Review on the Catalytic Mechanism of Nonheme Iron Hydroxylases and Halogenases

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Timmins ◽  
Sam P. de Visser
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Molecular Oxygen ◽  
Catalytic Mechanism ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Nonheme Iron ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Iron Heme ◽  
And Function

Enzymatic halogenation and haloperoxidation are unusual processes in biology; however, a range of halogenases and haloperoxidases exist that are able to transfer an aliphatic or aromatic C–H bond into C–Cl/C–Br. Haloperoxidases utilize hydrogen peroxide, and in a reaction with halides (Cl−/Br−), they react to form hypohalides (OCl−/OBr−) that subsequently react with substrate by halide transfer. There are three types of haloperoxidases, namely the iron-heme, nonheme vanadium, and flavin-dependent haloperoxidases that are reviewed here. In addition, there are the nonheme iron halogenases that show structural and functional similarity to the nonheme iron hydroxylases and form an iron(IV)-oxo active species from a reaction of molecular oxygen with α-ketoglutarate on an iron(II) center. They subsequently transfer a halide (Cl−/Br−) to an aliphatic C–H bond. We review the mechanism and function of nonheme iron halogenases and hydroxylases and show recent computational modelling studies of our group on the hectochlorin biosynthesis enzyme and prolyl-4-hydroxylase as examples of nonheme iron halogenases and hydroxylases. These studies have established the catalytic mechanism of these enzymes and show the importance of substrate and oxidant positioning on the stereo-, chemo- and regioselectivity of the reaction that takes place.

scholarly journals Chondrocyte heterogeneity: immunohistologically defined variation of integrin expression at different sites in human fetal knees.

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Salter ◽  
J L Godolphin ◽  
M S Gourlay
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Growth Plate ◽  
Articular Chondrocytes ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Matrix Composition ◽  
Epiphyseal Growth Plate ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Cartilage Differentiation ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

During development and at maturity different forms of cartilage vary in morphology and macromolecular content. This reflects heterogeneity of chondrocyte activity, in part involving differential interactions with the adjacent extracellular matrix via specialized cell surface receptors such as integrins. We undertook an immunohistological study on a series of human fetal knee joints to assess variation in the expression of integrins by chondrocytes and potential matrix ligands in articular, epiphyseal, growth plate, and meniscal cartilage. The results show that articular chondrocytes (beta 1+, beta 5 alpha V+, alpha 1+, alpha 2+/-, alpha 5+, weakly alpha 6+, alpha V+) differed from epiphyseal (beta 1+, beta 5 alpha V+, alpha 1+/-, alpha 2+/-, alpha 5+, alpha 6+, alpha V+) growth plate (beta 1+, beta 5 alpha V+, alpha 1-, alpha 2-, alpha 5+, alpha 6+, alpha V+), and meniscal cells (beta 1+, beta 5 alpha V+, alpha 1+, strongly alpha 2+, alpha 5+, alpha 6+, alpha V+ in expression of integrin subunits. There was no expression of beta 3, beta 4, beta 6, or alpha 3 by chondrocytes. These results differ from previous reports on the expression of integrins by adult articular cartilage, where alpha 2 and alpha 6 are not seen. Variation in distribution of matrix ligands was also seen. Fibronectin, laminin and Type VI collagen were expressed in all cartilages but there was restricted expression of tenascin, ED-A and ED-B fibronectin isoforms (articular cartilage and meniscus), and vitronectin (absent from growth plate cartilage). Regulated expression of integrins by chondrocytes, associated with changes in the pericellular matrix composition, is of potential importance in control of cartilage differentiation and function in health and disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document