Process-engineering characterization of small-scale bubble columns for microbial process development

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weuster-Botz D. ◽  
Altenbach-Rehm J. ◽  
Hawrylenko A.
Keyword(s):  
Process Development ◽  
Process Engineering ◽  
Bubble Columns ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Microbial Process

Evaluation of parallel operated small-scale bubble columns for microbial process development using Staphylococcus carnosus

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dilsen ◽  
W. Paul ◽  
D. Herforth ◽  
A. Sandgathe ◽  
J. Altenbach-Rehm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Development ◽  
Bubble Columns ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Microbial Process ◽  
Staphylococcus Carnosus

scholarly journals Temperature Based Process Characterization of Pharmaceutical Freeze-Thaw Operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Weber ◽  
Jürgen Hubbuch
Keyword(s):  
Process Development ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Boundary Effects ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Freezing Time ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Process Characterization

In biopharmaceutical production processes, freeze-thaw operations are used to ensure product integrity during long hold times, but they also introduce additional stresses such as freeze concentration gradients that might lead to a loss of protein activity. Process characterization of freeze-thaw operations at different scales should be conducted with attention to freezing time and boundary effects to ensure the product stability throughout the process and process development. Currently, process characterization often relies on one or very few temperature probes that detect freezing times based on raw temperature, which is largely influenced by freezing-point depression in case of concentrated solutions. A method to detect freezing based on the second derivative of temperature measurements from Fiber-Bragg-Grating sensors is presented to overcome this issue. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by process characterization of a novel small-scale freeze-thaw device with minimized boundary effects using freezing times of purified water and concentrated formulations. Freezing times varied from 35 to 81 min for temperatures between −60 and −20°C and impacted freeze concentration profiles. Furthermore, freezing time estimations based on the Plank equation revealed model limitations due to start-up temperature gradients, that can be corrected by an empirically extended Plank model. As a hypothesis, we conclude that freezing temperature, from a freeze concentration view, is less important in containers with small characteristic freezing distances such as freeze bags. Using a 2D-resolved temperature profile, a shift of the last point to freeze position from top to bottom of a container was observed when freezing above −30°C.

Characterization of Unfilled Tungsten Plugs on a 0.35μm CMOS Multilevel Metallization Process

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sur ◽  
S. Bothra ◽  
Y. Strunk ◽  
J. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Process Development ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Electrical Failure ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Integration Approach ◽  
Intermetal Dielectric ◽  
Metallization Process ◽  
Section Analysis

Abstract An investigation into metallization/interconnect failures during the process development phase of an advanced 0.35μm CMOS ASIC process is presented. The corresponding electrical failure signature was electrical shorting on SRAM test arrays and subsequently functional/Iddq failures on product-like test vehicles. Advanced wafer-level failure analysis techniques and equipment were used to isolate and identify the leakage source as shorting of metal lines due to tungsten (W) residue which was originating from unfilled vias. Further cross-section analysis revealed that the failing vias were all exposed to the intermetal dielectric spin-on glass (SOG) material used for filling the narrow spaces between metal lines. The outgassing of the SOG in the exposed regions of the via prior to and during the tungsten plug deposition is believed to be the cause of the unfilled vias. This analysis facilitated further process development in eliminating the failure mechanism and since then no failures of this nature have been observed. The process integration approach used to eliminate the failure is discussed.

Miniature Bioreactors for Rapid Bioprocess Development of Mammalian Cell Culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmi Sani ◽  
Frank Baganz
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Mammalian Cell ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Mammalian Cell Culture ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cell Culture Process ◽  
Deep Wells ◽  
Working Volume ◽  
Culture Process ◽  
And Control

At present, there are a number of commercial small scale shaken systems available on the market with instrumented controllable microbioreactors such as Micro–24 Microreactor System (Pall Corporation, Port Washington, NY) and M2P Biolector, (M2P Labs GmbH, Aachen, Germany). The Micro–24 system is basically an orbital shaken 24–well plate that operates at working volume 3 – 7 mL with 24 independent reactors (deep wells, shaken and sparged) running simultaneously. Each reactor is designed as single use reactor that has the ability to continuously monitor and control the pH, DO and temperature. The reactor aeration is supplied by sparging air from gas feeds that can be controlled individually. Furthermore, pH can be controlled by gas sparging using either dilute ammonia or carbon dioxide directly into the culture medium through a membrane at the bottom of each reactor. Chen et al., (2009) evaluated the Micro–24 system for the mammalian cell culture process development and found the Micro–24 system is suitable as scaledown tool for cell culture application. The result showed that intra-well reproducibility, cell growth, metabolites profiles and protein titres were scalable with 2 L bioreactors.

Optical and Chemical Characterization of Aerosols Emitted from Coal, Heavy and Light Fuel Oil, and Small-Scale Wood Combustion

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 827-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Frey ◽  
Karri Saarnio ◽  
Heikki Lamberg ◽  
Fanni Mylläri ◽  
Panu Karjalainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wood Combustion

scholarly journals Scale-down characterization of post-centrifuge flocculation processes for high-throughput process development

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 2486-2498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Espuny Garcia del Real ◽  
Jim Davies ◽  
Daniel G. Bracewell
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Scale Down

On the dependability of highly critical non-recoverable space entities with short operation life. Case study of single-use mechanical devices

Dependability ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Yu. P. Pokhabov
Keyword(s):  
Process Engineering ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Engineering ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Decimal Point ◽  
Engineering Analysis ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Mechanical Devices ◽  
Verification Techniques

Aim. To consider matters of dependability of highly critical non-recoverable space products with short operation life, whose failures are primarily caused by design and process engineering errors, manufacturing defects in the course of single-unit or small-scale production, as well as to define the methodological approach to ensuring the required reliability.Methods. Options were analysed for improving the dependability of entities with short operation life using the case study of single-use mechanical devices and the statistical approaches of the modern dependability theory, special methods of dependability of actuated mechanical assemblies, FMEA, Stage-Gate and ground experiments on single workout equivalents for each type of effect. Results. It was concluded that additional procedures need to be conducted for the purpose of predicting, mitigation and (or) eliminating possible failures as part of the design process using exactly the same approaches that cause failures, i.e., those of design and process engineering. The engineering approaches to dependability are based on early identification of possible causes of failures, which requires a qualified and systemic analysis aimed at identifying the functionality, performance and dependability of an entity, taking into account critical output parameters and probabilistic indicators that affect the performance of the required functions with the allowable probability of failure. The solution is found using a generalized parametric model of operation and design engineering analysis of dependability.Conclusion. For highly critical non-recoverable space entities with short operation life, the reliability requirements should be considered primarily in terms financial, economic, safetyrelated and reputational risks associated with the loss of spacecraft. From a design engineer’s standpoint, the number of nines after the decimal point (rounded to a smaller number of nines for increased confidence) should be seen as the indicator for the application of the appropriate approaches to ensuring the required reliability at the stage of product design. In case of two nines after the decimal point it is quite acceptable to use analytical and experimental verification techniques common to the aerospace industry, i.e., dependability calculations using the statistical methods of the modern dependability theory and performance indicators, FMEA and Stage-Gate, ground experiments on single workout equivalents for each type of effect. As the required number of nines grows, it is advisable to also use early failure prevention methods, one of which is the design engineering analysis of dependability that enables designers to adopt substantiated design solutions on the basis of engineering disciplines and design and process engineering methods of ensuring quality and dependability. The choice of either of the above dependability strategies is determined solely by the developer’s awareness and understanding of potential hazards, which allows managing the risk of potential rare failures or reasonably refusing to do so.

scholarly journals Characterization of small-scale fisheries in the Camamu-Almada basin, southeast state of Bahia, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
TCM. Souza ◽  
M. Petrere-Jr
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Marine Fishery ◽  
Small Scale Fisheries ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Stock Abundance

In the Camamu-Almada basin, marine fishery is exclusively small-scale, with several structural deficiencies such as boats with low or absent navigational technology, lack of credit and low income. Local fishers complain that shrimp and lobster trawling fishing is the main factor responsible for low stock abundance, but they still persist in these activities as these two species command the highest market prices. So they feel that the target species are already over-fished. We suggest that proper management action, alternative ways of income generation and the payment of job insurance would help to mitigate the problem.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from a small-scale meat processor in Montenegro, 2011–2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Zuber ◽  
Brankica Lakicevic ◽  
Ariane Pietzka ◽  
Dubravka Milanov ◽  
Vesna Djordjevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Small Scale
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