Responses of ray parenchyma cells to wounding differ between earlywood and latewood in the sapwood of Cryptomeria japonica

Vertical and radial variations of nuclear elongation index (NEI) of living sapwood ray parenchyrna cells were studied in a 45-year-old plantation tree of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don collected in Taiwan on February 27, 1992. Nine wood strips oriented in an E-W direction of the tree were collected starting at 0.3 m above ground level, and progressing upwards by 2.5 m intervals to the tree crown. Radial sections, 20 µm thick, were cut from the cambium toward the inner sapwood of these nine wood strips. The nuclear elongation index (NEI) was used to express the metabolic activity of the ray cells. It was found that metabolic activity of sapwood ray parenchyma was thc highest at the outer sapwood and declined gradually towards the inner sapwood. The lowest average NEI was found at the lowest stern level. The average NEI of various stern height levels increased with increasing stern height level. The average NEI of three growth rings at the outer sapwood near the cambium reached a maximum at the bottom of the live crown.

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Changes in the morphology and functions of vacuoles during the death of ray parenchyma cells in Cryptomeria japonica

Journal of Wood Science ◽

10.1007/s10086-017-1692-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 177-185

Author(s):

Izumi Arakawa ◽

Ryo Funada ◽

Satoshi Nakaba

Keyword(s):

Cryptomeria Japonica ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

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In Planta Analysis of the Radial Movement of Minerals from Inside to Outside in the Trunks of Standing Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) Trees at the Cellular Level

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12020251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 251

Author(s):

Katsushi Kuroda ◽

Kenichi Yamane ◽

Yuko Itoh

Keyword(s):

Cell Walls ◽

Cryptomeria Japonica ◽

Outer Part ◽

Japanese Cedar ◽

Cellular Level ◽

Radial Movement ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Standing Trees ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

Although the radial movement of minerals in tree trunks is a widely accepted phenomenon, experimental evidence of their movement in standing trees and underlying mechanisms is very limited. Previously, we clarified that cesium (Cs) artificially injected into the outer part of the sapwood of standing Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) trunks moved to the inner part of the sapwood, including the intermediate wood, via active transport by xylem parenchyma cells and diffusion through cell walls and then moved into the heartwood by diffusion. To understand the mechanism underlying the radial movement of minerals in the standing tree trunk, it is necessary to clarify their movement in the opposite direction. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the radial movement of minerals from inside to outside in the trunks of standing trees at the cellular level. For this, a long hole across the center part of the trunk, which reached the heartwood, intermediate wood, and sapwood, was made in standing Japanese cedar trunks, and a solution of stable isotope Cs was continuously injected into the hole for several days as a tracer. The injected part of the trunk was collected after being freeze-fixed with liquid nitrogen, and the frozen sample was subjected to analysis of Cs distribution at the cellular level using cryo-scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Cs injected into the inner sapwood or intermediate wood rapidly moved toward the outer sapwood via xylem ray parenchyma cells together with diffusion through the cell walls. In contrast, the Cs injected into the heartwood barely moved to the sapwood, although it reached a part of the inner intermediate wood. These results suggest that minerals in xylem ray parenchyma cells in the sapwood are bidirectionally supplied to each other; however, the minerals accumulated in the heartwood may not be supplied to living cells.

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Ray Structure Differences between Rootwood and Stemwood in a Range of Softwood Species

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000204 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 71-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pat Denne ◽

Siân Turner

Keyword(s):

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Structural Differences ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Practical Implications ◽

Softwood Species

Differences between the ray structure of rootwood and stemwood were analysed in 11 species from 5 families of gymnosperms. Rootwood was consistently found to have fewer ray tracheids, with ray parenchyma cells which were taller axially, wider tangentially, but shorter radially, and had more pits per cross-field than stemwood. A scale for quantifying types of cross-field pitting is proposed, and statistically significant differences in type and diameter of cross-field pitting were found between rootwood and stemwood of most species sampled. These structural differences have practical implications for identification of gymnosperm roots, and for distinguishing between rootwood and stemwood.

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Response of xylem ray parenchyma cells of red osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L.) to field feezing sress, and to feeze-thaw cycle

Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1016/s0176-1617(96)80100-3 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 149 (6) ◽

pp. 735-745 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zoran Ristic ◽

Edward N. Ashworth

Keyword(s):

Thaw Cycle ◽

Cornus Sericea ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

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Ray Structure in Root- and Stem-Wood of Larix Decidua: Implications for Root Identification and Function

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000166 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 17-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Pat Denne ◽

Peter Gasson

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Larix Decidua ◽

Stem Wood ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

And Function

Differences in ray structure between root- and stem-wood of softwoods can cause confusion in identifying roots using keys based on stem-wood anatomy. Comparison of root- and stem-wood rays of Larix decidua showed root-wood had fewer ray tracheids, taller, wider but shorter ray parenchyma cells, and larger cross-field pits than stem-wood. The implications of these differences are considered in relation to the identification and function of roots.

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INHIBITION OF WATER CONDUCTIVITY CAUSED BY WATERMARK DISEASE IN SALIX SACHALINENSIS

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000236 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 49-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yasuaki Sakamoto ◽

Yuzou Sano

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

High Moisture ◽

Water Conductivity ◽

X Ray ◽

Salix Sachalinensis ◽

Water Conduction ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

High Moisture Level ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

Water conduction and wood anatomy of Salix sachalinensis attacked by watermark disease were investigated. The internal symptom, the watermark, appeared as a brown to brown-black stained zone in sapwood. Dye injection tests revealed that water conduction did not take place in the watermark. However, soft X-ray photography and cryo-scanning electron microscopy revealed that the watermark had a high moisture level. In the watermark, some of the vessels were plugged with tyloses and masses of bacteria, and some of the ray parenchyma cells caused necrosis. Hence, the non-conductive watermark in sapwood can be considered similar to discoloured wood or wetwood.

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The fine structure of the pits of Eucalyptus regnans (F. Muell.) and their relation to the movement of liquids into the wood

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9600051 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 51 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J Cronshaw

Keyword(s):

Secondary Wall ◽

Structural Features ◽

Cellulose Microfibrils ◽

Primary Wall ◽

Detailed Structure ◽

Eucalyptus Regnans ◽

Pit Membrane ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

Observstion in the electron microscope of carbon replicas of the pits of vessels, ray parenchyma cells, fibres, and tracheids of Eucalyptus regnans has shown the detailed structure of the pit borders and the pit closing membranes. In all cases in the mature wood the primary wall is left apparently without modification as the pit membrane. Unlike the borders of the pits of fibre tracheids and tracheids, the pit borders of the vessels are not separate; the cellulose microfibrils of a border may be common to several pits. The pit borders of fibre traoheids and tracheids are developed as separate entities and have a structure similar to the pit borders of softwood tracheids. The structure of the secondary wall layers associated with the pits is described and related to the structure of the pits. The fine structural features of the pits, especially of the pit closing membranes, are discussed in relation to the movement of liquids into wood.

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Silica in Woody Stems

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9740211 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 211 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

G Scurfield ◽

CA Anderson ◽

ER Segnit

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Xylem Parenchyma ◽

X Ray ◽

Woody Perennial ◽

Internal Surfaces ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy has been used to examine silica isolated by chemical means from the wood of 32 species of woody perennial. The silica consists of aggregate grains lying free in the lumina or in ray and xylem parenchyma cells in 24 of the species. It occurs as dense silica in the other species, filling the lumina or lining the internal surfaces of vessels (and fibres) in all cases except Gynotroches axillaris where it is deposited in ray parenchyma cells. Infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction diagrams, obtained for specimens of both sorts of silica, are indistinguishable from those for amorphous silica. Aggregate grain and dense silicas are also alike in that their differential thermal analysis curves show a rather broad endothermic peak between 175° and 205°C. The results are discussed in relation to possible modes of deposition of the two sorts of silica and the tendency for silica in ray parenchyma cells to be associated with polyphenols.

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Survival rate and nuclear irregularity index of sapwood ray parenchyma cells in four tree species

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x93-088 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 673-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

K.C. Yang

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Growth Ring ◽

Initiation Time ◽

Heartwood Formation ◽

Sharp Decline ◽

Irregularity Index ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Marginal Cells

Survival rate and the newly developed nuclear irregularity index (NII) of sapwood ray parenchyma cells were studied within single trees of four species: Pinusbanksiana Lamb., Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill., and Populustremuloides Michx. The survival rate of ray parenchyma cells is defined as the number of living earlywood ray parenchyma cells in uniseriate rays, divided by the total number of dead and living ray parenchyma cells recorded, multiplied by 100. NII is defined as the ratio of the number of irregularly shaped nuclei of uniseriate ray parenchyma cells to the total number of the irregular and regular nuclei recorded in earlywood, multiplied by 100. The location where death of ray parenchyma cells was first seen in the sapwood varied with species from the second to the seventh growth ring, counted from the cambium. In general, the marginal cells in the outer sapwood died earlier in a given growth ring than the central cells. The survival rate of the sapwood ray parenchyma cells decreased curvilinearly from the outer or middle sapwood towards the boundary of sapwood and heartwood. Based on survival rate classification, Pinusbanksiana and Populustremuloides are type II species, in which some ray parenchyma cells die in the middle or inner sapwood and the number of dead cells increases from the middle sapwood towards the heartwood. Piceamariana and Abiesbalsamea are type III species, in which some ray parenchyma cells die in outer sapwood and the number of dead cells increases from the outer sapwood towards the heartwood. NII increased from the middle of the sapwood towards the sapwood–heartwood boundary and reached its maximum at the growth ring immediately adjacent to the heartwood. NII increased from May to a maximum in the middle of the growing season and then decreased sharply. The months of sharpest decline of the NII in Pinusbanksiana, Piceamariana, and Populustremuloides were August, July–August, and August–October, respectively. In Abiesbalsamea no sharp decline of NII was observed. The findings of this study are in agreement with those of other investigators who used different criteria to indicate the initiation time of heartwood formation. Thus it appears that NII can be added to the list of indicators that pinpoint the initiation time of heartwood formation.

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