INHIBITION OF WATER CONDUCTIVITY CAUSED BY WATERMARK DISEASE IN SALIX SACHALINENSIS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Sakamoto ◽  
Yuzou Sano
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Salix Sachalinensis ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
High Moisture Level ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Water conduction and wood anatomy of Salix sachalinensis attacked by watermark disease were investigated. The internal symptom, the watermark, appeared as a brown to brown-black stained zone in sapwood. Dye injection tests revealed that water conduction did not take place in the watermark. However, soft X-ray photography and cryo-scanning electron microscopy revealed that the watermark had a high moisture level. In the watermark, some of the vessels were plugged with tyloses and masses of bacteria, and some of the ray parenchyma cells caused necrosis. Hence, the non-conductive watermark in sapwood can be considered similar to discoloured wood or wetwood.

Ray Structure in Root- and Stem-Wood of Larix Decidua: Implications for Root Identification and Function

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Denne ◽  
Peter Gasson
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
And Function

Differences in ray structure between root- and stem-wood of softwoods can cause confusion in identifying roots using keys based on stem-wood anatomy. Comparison of root- and stem-wood rays of Larix decidua showed root-wood had fewer ray tracheids, taller, wider but shorter ray parenchyma cells, and larger cross-field pits than stem-wood. The implications of these differences are considered in relation to the identification and function of roots.

Silica in Woody Stems

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Scurfield ◽  
CA Anderson ◽  
ER Segnit
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Internal Surfaces ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy has been used to examine silica isolated by chemical means from the wood of 32 species of woody perennial. The silica consists of aggregate grains lying free in the lumina or in ray and xylem parenchyma cells in 24 of the species. It occurs as dense silica in the other species, filling the lumina or lining the internal surfaces of vessels (and fibres) in all cases except Gynotroches axillaris where it is deposited in ray parenchyma cells. Infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction diagrams, obtained for specimens of both sorts of silica, are indistinguishable from those for amorphous silica. Aggregate grain and dense silicas are also alike in that their differential thermal analysis curves show a rather broad endothermic peak between 175° and 205°C. The results are discussed in relation to possible modes of deposition of the two sorts of silica and the tendency for silica in ray parenchyma cells to be associated with polyphenols.

Wood Anatomy of Bhesa Sinica (Celastraceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Xinying ◽  
Pieter Baas ◽  
Alberta M. W. Mennega
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anatomical Character ◽  
The Family ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

The wood anatomy of Bhesa sinica (Chang ' Liang) Chang ' Liang, the only species of the genus occurring in China, is described in detail and compared with other Celastraceae. Bhesa sinica closely resembles other species of the genus, in e. g. vessels mainly in radial multiples, exclusively scalariform perforations, large and (almost) simple vessel-ray pits; parenchyma in fine irregular bands, in long (over 8-celled) strands; thick-walled, non septate libriform fibres; 1-5-seriate heterocellular rays, and prismatic crystals in chambered axial and ray parenchyma cells. This combination of characters is not known to occur in any of the other genera of the Celastraceae, and most individual wood anatomical character states of Bhesa are also unusual within the family. The isolated position of the genus in the Celastraceae is discussed.

WOOD ANATOMY OF MYRCIARIA, NEOMITRANTHES, PLINIA AND SIPHONEUGENA SPECIES (MYRTEAE, MYRTACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel U.C.A. Santos ◽  
Cátia H. Callado ◽  
Marcelo da Costa Souza ◽  
Cecilia G. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Square Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Fruit Characters

Myrciaria, Neomitranthes, Plinia and Siphoneugena are closely related genera whose circumscriptions are controversial. The distinctions between Myrciaria vs. Plinia, and Neomitranthes vs. Siphoneugena, have been based on a few fruit characters. The wood anatomy of 24 species of these genera was examined to determine if wood anatomical features could help delimit the genera. It was determined the four genera cannot reliably be separated by wood anatomy alone. Characteristics seen in all four genera are: growth rings usually poorly-defined; diffuse porous; exclusively solitary vessels, usually circular to oval in outline; simple perforation plates; vessel-ray pits alternate and distinctly bordered; fibers with distinctly bordered pits in radial and tangential walls, usually very thickwalled; vasicentric tracheids typically absent; scanty paratracheal parenchyma, sometimes unilateral, and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates; chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma in many species, usually both prismatic and smaller crystals; rays 1–4-seriate, uniseriate rays composed of upright/square cells, multiseriate rays with procumbent body cells and 1 to many marginal rows of upright/square cells; disjunctive ray parenchyma cells usually present.

Wood Anatomy Of The Genus Abies A Review

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis García Esteban ◽  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Francisco García Fernández ◽  
Ruth Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

The literature on the wood anatomy of the genus Abies is reviewed and discussed, and complemented with a detailed study of 33 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties. In general, the species studied do not show diagnostic interspecific differences, although it is possible to establish differences between groups of species using certain quantitative and qualitative features.The marginal axial parenchyma consisting of single cells and the ray parenchyma cells with distinctly pitted horizontal walls, nodular end walls and presence of indentures are constant for the genus, although these features also occur in the other genera of the Abietoideae. The absence of ray tracheids in Abies can be used to distinguish it from Cedrus and Tsuga, and the irregularly shaped parenchymatous marginal ray cells are only shared with Cedrus. The absence of resin canals enables Abies to be distinguished from very closely related genera such as Keteleeria and Nothotsuga. The crystals in the ray cells, taxodioid cross-field pitting and the warty layer in the tracheids can be regarded as diagnostic generic features.

scholarly journals Comparative Wood Anatomy in Pinaceae with Reference to Its Systematic Position

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1706
Author(s):  
Luis García Esteban ◽  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Alberto García-Iruela ◽  
Francisco García-Fernández ◽  
Lydia García-Esteban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
The Family ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

The wood anatomy of 132 species of the genera Abies, Cathaya, Cedrus, Keteleeria, Larix, Nothotsuga, Picea, Pinus, Pseudolarix, Pseudotsuga and Tsuga was studied to determine the elements that characterise the xylem of each genus and discuss possible groupings by wood anatomy for comparison with clades established by molecular phylogeny. The presence of resin canals and ray tracheids supports the family Pinaceae, although the absence of ray tracheids in Keteleeria and their occasional presence in Abies and Pseudolarix weakens it. Based on wood structure, Pinaceae clearly supports division into two groups, coinciding with molecular phylogeny: Pinoideae (Cathaya-Larix-Picea-Pinus-Pseudotsuga) and Abietoideae (Abies-Cedrus-Keteleeria-Nothotsuga-Pseudolarix-Tsuga). Although differences between genera are slight in Pinoideae, the Abietoideae group presents problems such as the presence of only axial resin canals in Keteleeria and Nothotsuga, absence of ray tracheids in Keteleeria and presence of traumatic radial resin canals in Cedrus. However, other features such as pitted horizontal walls and nodular end walls of ray parenchyma cells, indentures, scarce marginal axial parenchyma and presence of crystals in ray parenchyma strengthen the Abietoideae group.

Ray Structure Differences between Rootwood and Stemwood in a Range of Softwood Species

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Denne ◽  
Siân Turner
Keyword(s):  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Softwood Species

Differences between the ray structure of rootwood and stemwood were analysed in 11 species from 5 families of gymnosperms. Rootwood was consistently found to have fewer ray tracheids, with ray parenchyma cells which were taller axially, wider tangentially, but shorter radially, and had more pits per cross-field than stemwood. A scale for quantifying types of cross-field pitting is proposed, and statistically significant differences in type and diameter of cross-field pitting were found between rootwood and stemwood of most species sampled. These structural differences have practical implications for identification of gymnosperm roots, and for distinguishing between rootwood and stemwood.

The fine structure of the pits of Eucalyptus regnans (F. Muell.) and their relation to the movement of liquids into the wood

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Cronshaw
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Detailed Structure ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Observstion in the electron microscope of carbon replicas of the pits of vessels, ray parenchyma cells, fibres, and tracheids of Eucalyptus regnans has shown the detailed structure of the pit borders and the pit closing membranes. In all cases in the mature wood the primary wall is left apparently without modification as the pit membrane. Unlike the borders of the pits of fibre tracheids and tracheids, the pit borders of the vessels are not separate; the cellulose microfibrils of a border may be common to several pits. The pit borders of fibre traoheids and tracheids are developed as separate entities and have a structure similar to the pit borders of softwood tracheids. The structure of the secondary wall layers associated with the pits is described and related to the structure of the pits. The fine structural features of the pits, especially of the pit closing membranes, are discussed in relation to the movement of liquids into wood.

Survival rate and nuclear irregularity index of sapwood ray parenchyma cells in four tree species

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Initiation Time ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Irregularity Index ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Marginal Cells

Survival rate and the newly developed nuclear irregularity index (NII) of sapwood ray parenchyma cells were studied within single trees of four species: Pinusbanksiana Lamb., Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill., and Populustremuloides Michx. The survival rate of ray parenchyma cells is defined as the number of living earlywood ray parenchyma cells in uniseriate rays, divided by the total number of dead and living ray parenchyma cells recorded, multiplied by 100. NII is defined as the ratio of the number of irregularly shaped nuclei of uniseriate ray parenchyma cells to the total number of the irregular and regular nuclei recorded in earlywood, multiplied by 100. The location where death of ray parenchyma cells was first seen in the sapwood varied with species from the second to the seventh growth ring, counted from the cambium. In general, the marginal cells in the outer sapwood died earlier in a given growth ring than the central cells. The survival rate of the sapwood ray parenchyma cells decreased curvilinearly from the outer or middle sapwood towards the boundary of sapwood and heartwood. Based on survival rate classification, Pinusbanksiana and Populustremuloides are type II species, in which some ray parenchyma cells die in the middle or inner sapwood and the number of dead cells increases from the middle sapwood towards the heartwood. Piceamariana and Abiesbalsamea are type III species, in which some ray parenchyma cells die in outer sapwood and the number of dead cells increases from the outer sapwood towards the heartwood. NII increased from the middle of the sapwood towards the sapwood–heartwood boundary and reached its maximum at the growth ring immediately adjacent to the heartwood. NII increased from May to a maximum in the middle of the growing season and then decreased sharply. The months of sharpest decline of the NII in Pinusbanksiana, Piceamariana, and Populustremuloides were August, July–August, and August–October, respectively. In Abiesbalsamea no sharp decline of NII was observed. The findings of this study are in agreement with those of other investigators who used different criteria to indicate the initiation time of heartwood formation. Thus it appears that NII can be added to the list of indicators that pinpoint the initiation time of heartwood formation.

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