Survival rate and nuclear irregularity index of sapwood ray parenchyma cells in four tree species

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Initiation Time ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Irregularity Index ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Marginal Cells

Survival rate and the newly developed nuclear irregularity index (NII) of sapwood ray parenchyma cells were studied within single trees of four species: Pinusbanksiana Lamb., Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill., and Populustremuloides Michx. The survival rate of ray parenchyma cells is defined as the number of living earlywood ray parenchyma cells in uniseriate rays, divided by the total number of dead and living ray parenchyma cells recorded, multiplied by 100. NII is defined as the ratio of the number of irregularly shaped nuclei of uniseriate ray parenchyma cells to the total number of the irregular and regular nuclei recorded in earlywood, multiplied by 100. The location where death of ray parenchyma cells was first seen in the sapwood varied with species from the second to the seventh growth ring, counted from the cambium. In general, the marginal cells in the outer sapwood died earlier in a given growth ring than the central cells. The survival rate of the sapwood ray parenchyma cells decreased curvilinearly from the outer or middle sapwood towards the boundary of sapwood and heartwood. Based on survival rate classification, Pinusbanksiana and Populustremuloides are type II species, in which some ray parenchyma cells die in the middle or inner sapwood and the number of dead cells increases from the middle sapwood towards the heartwood. Piceamariana and Abiesbalsamea are type III species, in which some ray parenchyma cells die in outer sapwood and the number of dead cells increases from the outer sapwood towards the heartwood. NII increased from the middle of the sapwood towards the sapwood–heartwood boundary and reached its maximum at the growth ring immediately adjacent to the heartwood. NII increased from May to a maximum in the middle of the growing season and then decreased sharply. The months of sharpest decline of the NII in Pinusbanksiana, Piceamariana, and Populustremuloides were August, July–August, and August–October, respectively. In Abiesbalsamea no sharp decline of NII was observed. The findings of this study are in agreement with those of other investigators who used different criteria to indicate the initiation time of heartwood formation. Thus it appears that NII can be added to the list of indicators that pinpoint the initiation time of heartwood formation.

scholarly journals VARIATIONS IN CELL WALL ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY IN CELL TYPES OF EARLYWOOD AND LATEWOOD IN ENGLISH OAK (QUERCUS ROBUR)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
English Oak ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Although there is considerable information on anatomy and gross chemistry of oak wood, little is known on the ultrastructure and chemistry at the individual cell wall level. In particular, differences in ultrastructure and chemistry within the same cell type between earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) are poorly understood. This study investigated the ultrastructure and chemistry of (vasicentric) tracheids, vessels, (libriform) fibers and axial/ray parenchyma cells of English oak xylem (Quercus robur L.) using light-, fluorescence- and transmission electron microscopy combined with histo/cytochemistry and immunohisto/ cytochemistry. EW tracheids showed several differences from LW tracheids including thinner cell walls, wider middle lamella cell corner (MLcc) regions and lesser amounts of mannan epitopes. Fibers showed thicker cell walls and higher amounts of mannan epitopes than tracheids. EW vessels were rich in guaiacyl (G) lignin with a characteristic non-layered cell wall organization (absence of S1–3 layers), whereas LW vessels were rich in syringyl (S) lignin with a three layered cell wall structure (S1–3 layers). Formation of a highly lignified and wide protective layer (PL) inside axial/ray parenchyma cells was detected only in EW. Distribution of mannan epitopes varied greatly between cell types and between EW and LW, whereas distribution of xylan epitopes was almost identical in all cell types within a growth ring. Together, this study demonstrates that there are great variations in ultrastructure and chemistry of cell walls within a single growth ring of English oak xylem.

Histochemistry of Paraquat Treated Wood in Azadirachta Indica A.Juss.

IAWA Journal ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. B. Nair ◽  
J. J. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Accumulation Of Lipids

Paraquat (1, 1'-dimethyl-4, 4' bipyridilium salt) induced heartwood formation in Azadirachta indica. The wood at the site of treatment showed desiccation. The induced heartwood is observed even at the height of 3 to 3.5 metres from the site of the treatment. Histochemical studies showed disappearance of starch grains and accumulation of lipids, insoluble polysaccharides and phenolics in the treated wood. The axial and ray parenchyma cells at the sapwood-heartwood boundary in the treated wood showed enhanced acid phosphatase, ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase activities. Traumatic gum ducts were also observed in the treated wood.

scholarly journals Lignification and cell wall thickening of ray parenchyma cells in Scots pine sapwood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Katrin Zimmer ◽  
Andreas Treu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Abstract Scots pine exhibits variations in ray anatomy, which are poorly understood. Some ray parenchyma cells develop thick and lignified cell walls before heartwood formation. We hypothesized that some stands and trees show high numbers of lignified and thick-walled parenchyma cells early in the sapwood. Therefore, a microscopic analysis of Scots pine sapwood from four different stands in Northern Europe was performed on Safranin — Astra blue-stained tangential micro sections from outer and inner sapwood areas. Significant differences in lignification and cell wall thickening of ray parenchyma cells were observed in the outer sapwood between all of the stands for the trees analyzed. On a single tree level, the relative lignification and cell wall thickening of ray parenchyma cells ranged from 4.3% to 74.3% in the outer sapwood. In the inner sapwood, lignification and cell wall thickening of ray parenchyma cells were more frequent. In some trees, however, the difference in lignification and cell wall thickening between inner and outer sapwood was small since early lignification, and cell wall thickening was already more common in the outer sapwood. Ray composition and number of rays per area were not significantly different within the studied material. However, only one Scottish tree had a significantly higher number of ray parenchyma cells per ray. The differences discovered in lignification and cell wall thickening in ray parenchyma cells early in the sapwood of Scots pine are relevant for wood utilization in general and impregnation treatments with protection agents in particular.

Topochemical investigations of wood extractives and their influence on colour changes in American black cherry (Prunus serotina Borkh.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Mayer ◽  
Gerald Koch ◽  
Jürgen Puls
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Wood Extractives ◽  
Acetone Water ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
American Black ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Abstract The topochemical distribution of accessory compounds responsible for wood colouration during heartwood formation and processing of black cherry (Prunus serotina) is restricted to the axial and ray parenchyma cells. (+)-Catechin, taxifolin, aromadendrin, eriodictyol, naringenin, 4′-methoxynaringenin and prunin were identified in acetone/water extracts. However, the colour of wood after extraction is still reddish-brown, indicating that the coloured material is polymeric (cross-linked, condensed). It was demonstrated that (+)-catechin plays a pivotal role in the development of heartwood colour. Its concentration at the sapwood/heartwood boundary decreases, presumably due to the formation of non-soluble polymeric proanthocyanidins. Heat treatment of heartwood during veneer production intensifies the reddish-brown heartwood colour, probably by promoting the polymerisation of (+)-catechin and other flavonoid monomers.

Ray Structure Differences between Rootwood and Stemwood in a Range of Softwood Species

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Denne ◽  
Siân Turner
Keyword(s):  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Softwood Species

Differences between the ray structure of rootwood and stemwood were analysed in 11 species from 5 families of gymnosperms. Rootwood was consistently found to have fewer ray tracheids, with ray parenchyma cells which were taller axially, wider tangentially, but shorter radially, and had more pits per cross-field than stemwood. A scale for quantifying types of cross-field pitting is proposed, and statistically significant differences in type and diameter of cross-field pitting were found between rootwood and stemwood of most species sampled. These structural differences have practical implications for identification of gymnosperm roots, and for distinguishing between rootwood and stemwood.

Ray Structure in Root- and Stem-Wood of Larix Decidua: Implications for Root Identification and Function

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Denne ◽  
Peter Gasson
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
And Function

Differences in ray structure between root- and stem-wood of softwoods can cause confusion in identifying roots using keys based on stem-wood anatomy. Comparison of root- and stem-wood rays of Larix decidua showed root-wood had fewer ray tracheids, taller, wider but shorter ray parenchyma cells, and larger cross-field pits than stem-wood. The implications of these differences are considered in relation to the identification and function of roots.

INHIBITION OF WATER CONDUCTIVITY CAUSED BY WATERMARK DISEASE IN SALIX SACHALINENSIS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Sakamoto ◽  
Yuzou Sano
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Salix Sachalinensis ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
High Moisture Level ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Water conduction and wood anatomy of Salix sachalinensis attacked by watermark disease were investigated. The internal symptom, the watermark, appeared as a brown to brown-black stained zone in sapwood. Dye injection tests revealed that water conduction did not take place in the watermark. However, soft X-ray photography and cryo-scanning electron microscopy revealed that the watermark had a high moisture level. In the watermark, some of the vessels were plugged with tyloses and masses of bacteria, and some of the ray parenchyma cells caused necrosis. Hence, the non-conductive watermark in sapwood can be considered similar to discoloured wood or wetwood.

The fine structure of the pits of Eucalyptus regnans (F. Muell.) and their relation to the movement of liquids into the wood

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Cronshaw
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Detailed Structure ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Observstion in the electron microscope of carbon replicas of the pits of vessels, ray parenchyma cells, fibres, and tracheids of Eucalyptus regnans has shown the detailed structure of the pit borders and the pit closing membranes. In all cases in the mature wood the primary wall is left apparently without modification as the pit membrane. Unlike the borders of the pits of fibre tracheids and tracheids, the pit borders of the vessels are not separate; the cellulose microfibrils of a border may be common to several pits. The pit borders of fibre traoheids and tracheids are developed as separate entities and have a structure similar to the pit borders of softwood tracheids. The structure of the secondary wall layers associated with the pits is described and related to the structure of the pits. The fine structural features of the pits, especially of the pit closing membranes, are discussed in relation to the movement of liquids into wood.

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