Ground-penetrating radar estimates of tree root diameter and distribution under field conditions

Trees ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1657-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keitaro Yamase ◽  
Toko Tanikawa ◽  
Masako Dannoura ◽  
Mizue Ohashi ◽  
Chikage Todo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Modeling tree root diameter and biomass by ground-penetrating radar

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
XiHong Cui ◽  
Jin Chen ◽  
JinSong Shen ◽  
Xin Cao ◽  
XueHong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Ground Penetrating

ESTIMATES OF SOIL WATER CONTENT USING GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR IN FIELD CONDITIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Jorge Luz Mesquita ◽  
José Gouvêa Luiz ◽  
José de Paulo Rocha da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
Electromagnetic Methods ◽  
Ground Penetrating

ABSTRACT. Electromagnetic methods play an important role in the study of soil water content, mainly because electromagnetic properties in the shallow subsurface area are primarily controlled by the presence of... RESUMO. Os métodos eletromagnéticos são uma importante ferramenta no estudo da umidade do solo, principalmente porque as propriedades eletromagnéticas da subsuperfície rasa são...

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Ground Penetrating Radar to Map the Root Architecture of HLB-infected Citrus Trees

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Derival ◽  
Albrecht ◽  
Ampatzidis
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Tree Root System ◽  
Ground Penetrating

This paper investigates the influences of several limiting factors on the performance of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in accurately detecting huanglongbing (HLB)-infected citrus roots and determining their main structural characteristics. First, single-factor experiments were conducted to evaluate GPR performance. The factors that were evaluated were (i) root diameter; (ii) root moisture level; (iii) root depth; (iv) root spacing; (v) survey angle; and, (vi) soil moisture level. Second, two multi-factor field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the GPR in complex orchard environments. The GPR generated a hyperbola in the radar profile upon root detection; the diameter of the root was successfully determined according to the width of the hyperbola when the roots were larger than 6 mm in diameter. The GPR also distinguished live from dead roots, a capability that is indispensable for studying the effects of soil-borne and other diseases on the citrus tree root system. The GPR can distinguish the roots only if their horizontal distance is greater than 10 cm and their vertical distance is greater than 5 cm if two or more roots are in proximity. GPR technology can be applied to determine the efficacy of advanced crop production strategies, especially under the pressures of disease and environmental stresses.

scholarly journals Ground-penetrating Radar to Detect and Quantify Residual Root Fragments Following Peach Orchard Clearing

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.D. Cox ◽  
H. Scherm ◽  
N. Serman
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Pixel Intensity ◽  
Land Clearing ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Peach Orchard

Consecutive replanting of peach (Prunus persica) trees on the same orchard site can result in various replant problems and diseases, including armillaria root disease (Armillaria spp.), which develops upon contact between the roots of newly planted trees and infested residual root pieces in the soil. There is little information regarding the quantity of roots remaining in stone fruit orchards following tree removal and land clearing. We investigated the utility of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to characterize reflector signals from peach root fragments in a controlled burial experiment and to quantify the amount of residual roots remaining after typical commercial orchard clearing. In the former experiment, roots ranging from 2.5 to 8.2 cm in diameter and buried at depths of 11 to 114 cm produced characteristic parabolic reflector signals in radar profiles. Image analysis of high-amplitude reflector area indicated significant linear relationships between signal strength (mean pixel intensity) and root diameter (r = -0.517; P = 0.0097; n = 24) or the combined effects of root diameter and burial depth, expressed though a depth × diameter term (r = -0.630; P = 0.0010; n = 24). In a peach orchard in which trees and roots had been removed following typical commercial practice (i.e., trees were pushed over, burned, and tree rows subsoiled), a GPR survey of six 4 × 8-m plots revealed that the majority of reflector signals indicative of root fragments were located in the upper 30 to 40 cm of soil. Based on ground-truth excavation of selected sites within plots, reflectors showing a strong parabolic curvature in the radar profiles corresponded to residual root fragments with 100% accuracy, whereas those displaying a high amplitude area represented roots in 86.1% of the cases. By contrast, reflectors with both poor curvature and low amplitude yielded roots for less than 10% of the excavated sites, whereas randomly selected sites lacking reflector signals were devoid of any roots or other subsurface objects. A high level of variability in the number of residual roots was inferred from the radar profiles of the six plots, indicating an aggregated distribution of root fragments throughout the field. The data further indicated that at least one residual root fragment would be present per cubic meter of soil, and that many of these fragments have diameters corresponding to good to excellent inoculum potential for armillaria root disease. Further GPR surveys involving different levels of land clearing, combined with long-term monitoring of armillaria root disease incidence in replanted trees, will be necessary to ascertain the disease threat posed by the levels of residual root biomass observed in this study.

scholarly journals ESTIMATES OF SOIL WATER CONTENT USING GROUND PENETRATING RADAR IN FIELD CONDITIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Jorge Luz Mesquita ◽  
José Gouvêa Luiz ◽  
José de Paulo Rocha da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Calibration Equation ◽  
Ground Penetrating

ABSTRACT. Electromagnetic methods play an important role in the study of soil water content, mainly because electromagnetic properties in the shallow subsurface area are primarily controlled by the presence of water. This work analyzes the effectiveness of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as a tool for estimating soil water content in field conditions, introduces a calibration equation to estimate average soil moisture of the area studied from the analysis of GPR wave velocity, and evaluates the process used to create it. Methodologies for collecting GPR data seeking the determination of soil moisture from the velocity of the electromagnetic wave and the use of equations proposed in the literature, Topp and Roth, are also discussed. The GPR common-offset methodology (400 MHz antennas) was utilized in a study in Cuiarana, Salin´opolis, Par´a State, in northern Brazil and the resulting data compared with data from TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) (0.12 m double probe) methodology. The data were then statistically analyzed enabling the establishment of a calibration equation for water content determination in terms of electromagnetic wavevelocity obtained with GPR. The study successfully showed the feasibility and limitations of estimating water content using GPR. Also is discussed the possibility of calibration equation to the soil water content analysis with GPR data using, as parameter, data obtained by other indirect method, in this case, the TDR.Keywords: soil water content, relative permittivity, GPR, TDR, wave velocity. RESUMO. Os métodos eletromagnéticos são uma importante ferramenta no estudo da umidade do solo, principalmente porque as propriedades eletromagnéticas da subsuperfície rasa são controladas pela presença de água. Este trabalho, além de analisar a eficácia do Radar de Penetração no Solo (GPR) como ferramenta de medição da umidade do solo in situ sob condições de campo não controladas, introduz uma equação de calibração para estimar a umidade do solo da área estudada a partir da análise da velocidade da onda do GPR e avalia o processo da sua criação. São também discutidas as metodologias comumente empregadas na coleta de dados com o GPR, visando a determinação da umidade do solo a partir da velocidade da onda eletromagnética, assim como a utilização das equações propostas na literatura, Topp e Roth. A metodologia common-offset (GPR com antenas de 400 MHz) foi empregada em um estudo realizado em Cuiarana, município de Salinópolis, Pará, no norte do Brasil e os dados comparados com medidas de umidade realizadas com TDR (sonda dupla de 0,12 m). Os dados foram estatisticamente correlacionados permitindo o estabelecimento de uma equação de calibração para a determinação de umidade em termos da velocidade da onda eletromagnética obtida com o GPR. O estudo demonstrou com sucesso a viabilidade, a rapidez e as limitações do GPR na estimativa do conteúdo de água no solo. Também é discutida a possibilidade da calibração de equação para análise de umidade com o GPR usando como parâmetro dados obtidos por outro método indireto, neste caso, o TDR.Palavras-chave: umidade do solo, permissividade relativa, GPR, TDR, velocidade da onda.

REFLECTION COEFFICIENT OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN CONDUCTIVE MEDIA

2018 ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
M. S. Sudakova ◽  
M. L. Vladov ◽  
M. R. Sadurtdinov
Keyword(s):  
Reflection Coefficient ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Direct And Inverse Problems ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Ideal Dielectric

Within the ground penetrating radar bandwidth the medium is considered to be an ideal dielectric, which is not always true. Electromagnetic waves reflection coefficient conductivity dependence showed a significant role of the difference in conductivity in reflection strength. It was confirmed by physical modeling. Conductivity of geological media should be taken into account when solving direct and inverse problems, survey design planning, etc. Ground penetrating radar can be used to solve the problem of mapping of halocline or determine water contamination.

Deteksi Bentuk Objek Bawah Tanah Menggunakan Pengolahan Citra B-Scan pada Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
Rahmayati Alindra ◽  
Heroe Wijanto ◽  
Koredianto Usman
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Data Survey ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) adalah salah satu jenis radar yang digunakan untuk menyelidiki kondisi di bawah permukaan tanah tanpa harus menggali dan merusak tanah. Sistem GPR terdiri atas pengirim (transmitter), yaitu antena yang terhubung ke generator sinyal dan bagian penerima (receiver), yaitu antena yang terhubung ke LNA dan ADC yang kemudian terhubung ke unit pengolahan data hasil survey serta display sebagai tampilan output-nya dan post  processing untuk alat bantu mendapatkan informasi mengenai suatu objek. GPR bekerja dengan cara memancarkan gelombang elektromagnetik ke dalam tanah dan menerima sinyal yang dipantulkan oleh objek-objek di bawah permukaan tanah. Sinyal yang diterima kemudian diolah pada bagian signal processing dengan tujuan untuk menghasilkan gambaran kondisi di bawah permukaan tanah yang dapat dengan mudah dibaca dan diinterpretasikan oleh user. Signal processing sendiri terdiri dari beberapa tahap yaitu A-Scan yang meliputi perbaikan sinyal dan pendektesian objek satu dimensi, B-Scan untuk pemrosesan data dua dimensi  dan C-Scan untuk pemrosesan data tiga dimensi. Metode yang digunakan pada pemrosesan B-Scan salah satunya adalah dengan  teknik pemrosesan citra. Dengan pemrosesan citra, data survey B-scan diolah untuk didapatkan informasi mengenai objek. Pada penelitian ini, diterapkan teori gradien garis pada pemrosesan citra B-scan untuk menentukan bentuk dua dimensi dari objek bawah tanah yaitu persegi, segitiga atau lingkaran. 

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