Analysis of the effect of fertilizer on tree development by remote sensing and technology of giving liquid organic fertilizer to tree root system in intensive gardens

Intensive garden yields and soil fertility are increased by giving liquid organic and mineral fertilizer locally to the soil. Each tree root system in the row is carried out on the basis of technical hydrodynamic legislation of the liquid pouring liquid organic fertilizer in the specified amount by opening the furrow next to it. Based on the results of the presented calculation, each tree is provided 10÷11L of liquid organic fertilizer to the root system in accordance with the aggregate movement speed, maintaining this mode was based on the dimensions of the working part and the capacity in it. Also it is presented the graphs of changes in the duration of pouring liquid organic fertilizer depending on the surface of the cracks, the rate of leakage and the rate of aggregation. Also, as a result of fertilization directly to the root of the tree, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) analysis was carried out through remote sensing techniques for monitoring development of surface fertilization and root system fertilization gardens, and the results revealed with a compartable NDVI map. According to NDVI analysis, fertilizing roots with liquid organic and minerals, development of intensive gardens had significantly positive with 7 percent comparing to other.

MODELING THE PROCESS OF REDUCING TREE STUMPS USING SELF-PROPELLED MACHINE BASED ON THE PARTICLE DYNAMICS METHOD

The article presents an analysis of the tree dozer technologies. It is established that a separate method of grubbing out is most widespread due to the possibility of aggregation of various mounted and trailed tree dozer with wheeled and tracked tractors. Abroad, the most widespread method is simultaneous removal of the aboveground and underground parts of trees in the course of one technological operation. The main technical means of implementing direct stumping technology are self-propelled high-performance tree dozers of various capacities, and the process of tree stumping is carried out mainly with a vertically applied force. The purpose of the study was to develop a mathematical model of the process of tree stumping at a vertically applied effort based on the particle dynamics. The developed mathematical model enables to simulate soil and tree root system located in it, as well as the process of removing the tree root system, determine the vertical force applied to the tree trunk, at which feeding roots break and the main roots leave the soil. In the course of a numerical experiment, it has been found that when stumping garden trees with a diameter of 300 mm, the maximum vertical force reaches 74 kN. Due to the high physical adequacy and spatial resolution, the model enables to study the influence of the uprooting mechanism and the root system on the efficiency of stumping process.

Evaluation of a Ground Penetrating Radar to Map the Root Architecture of HLB-infected Citrus Trees

This paper investigates the influences of several limiting factors on the performance of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in accurately detecting huanglongbing (HLB)-infected citrus roots and determining their main structural characteristics. First, single-factor experiments were conducted to evaluate GPR performance. The factors that were evaluated were (i) root diameter; (ii) root moisture level; (iii) root depth; (iv) root spacing; (v) survey angle; and, (vi) soil moisture level. Second, two multi-factor field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the GPR in complex orchard environments. The GPR generated a hyperbola in the radar profile upon root detection; the diameter of the root was successfully determined according to the width of the hyperbola when the roots were larger than 6 mm in diameter. The GPR also distinguished live from dead roots, a capability that is indispensable for studying the effects of soil-borne and other diseases on the citrus tree root system. The GPR can distinguish the roots only if their horizontal distance is greater than 10 cm and their vertical distance is greater than 5 cm if two or more roots are in proximity. GPR technology can be applied to determine the efficacy of advanced crop production strategies, especially under the pressures of disease and environmental stresses.

Geotechnical Evaluation of Traditional ‘Bunds’ - Earthen Levees - From Goa

Ancient Goa was reclaimed from the marshy deltas by remnants of the Saraswat Civilization who settled there and brought with them their ancient technology. We need to learn from these ancient structures that have survived nearly 8000 years and therefore are truly sustainable. Their construction method needs to be replicated to help India’s growing infrastructure demand and lowland reclamation. They use renewable, locally available materials like Soil, Lime, Ash, Cowdung and Straw. They are multi functional: habitation, irrigation, pisiculture, agriculture, rainwater harvesting, infrastructure etc. they possess a stable shape. They save at an average 80% more space than standard embankments. A 6-8% mix of Lime and Coconut Leaf Ash gave best results for soil stabilization. They have good slope stability with a factor of safety of more than 1.5. They have no seepage problems. The self-repairing sustainable coconut tree root system provided 20% more shear strength and seismic stability. As they have already existed for many years they are already undergone settlement and consolidation. This is green engineering that has scope for ancient technology aiding modern technology and spurring India’s growth in it race for international primacy as a technological superpower.