scholarly journals A brief history of the development of wind-profiling or MST radars

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 740-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Zandt
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Acoustic Sounding ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Radio Science ◽  
Meteorology And Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
Mst Radar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Instruments And Techniques ◽  
Atmospheric Phenomena

Abstract. The history of the development of the wind-profiling or MST radar technique is reviewed from its inception in the late 1960s to the present. Extensions of the technique by the development of boundary-layer radars and the radio-acoustic sounding system (RASS) technique to measure temperature are documented. Applications are described briefly, particularly practical applications to weather forecasting, with data from networks of radars, and scientific applications to the study of rapidly varying atmospheric phenomena such as gravity waves and turbulence.Key words: Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (instruments and techniques) · Radio science (remote sensing; instruments and techniques)

scholarly journals Mesospheric turbulent velocity estimation using the Buckland Park MF radar

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1007-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Holdsworth ◽  
R. A. Vincent ◽  
I. M. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Annual Variation ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Velocity Estimation ◽  
Turbulent Velocity ◽  
Radio Science ◽  
Meteorology And Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
Zonal Velocity ◽  
Instruments And Techniques ◽  
Full Correlation Analysis ◽  
Mf Radar

Abstract. This paper investigates turbulent velocity estimation using the full correlation analysis (FCA) of spaced antenna (SA) data, and its application to the routine FCA observations of the Buckland Park MF (BPMF) radar. The effects of transmitter beamwidths are investigated, confirming the suggestions of previous authors that wide transmit beam widths lead to an overestimation of the turbulent velocity. The annual variation of the turbulent velocity is investigated, revealing an increase in turbulent velocity with height, and equinoctal minima and solstice maxima observed below 80 km. Investigations of the turbulent velocities about the March diurnal tide maximum reveals a diurnal variation in phase with the zonal velocity. Harmonic analysis reveals this relationship exists between February and September. Descending power layers are also observed during this period. A number of mechanisms are proposed to describe these observations.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; instruments and techniques) – Radio science (instruments and techniques)

scholarly journals A partial 45 MHz sky temperature map obtained from the observations of five ST radars

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 863-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Campistron ◽  
G. Despaux ◽  
M. Lothon ◽  
V. Klaus ◽  
Y. Pointin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Radio Science ◽  
Cassiopeia A ◽  
Meteorology And Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
Cygnus A ◽  
Instruments And Techniques ◽  
Sky Temperature ◽  
Right Ascension

Abstract. A sky temperature map at 45 MHz covering declination between + 30° and + 60°  is presented. The sampling in right ascension is 20 min (~5°) and 2°  in declination in most of the map. The originality of the work was to use cosmic emission measurements from five VHF Stratosphere-Troposphere (ST) radars collected during long periods of routine meteorological surveys. This map, which has an accuracy in temperature of about 600 K, is intended first for radar reflectivity calibration and system performance monitoring. The presence of two strong radio sources, Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A, can also serve as the verification of the beam diagram, beam width, and beam pointing direction of the antenna. Finally, this work is an attempt to show the potentiality of ST radar for astronomical purposes.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (instruments and techniques) – Radio science (radio astronomy)

Animal Pain Scales in Public Policy

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
F. Barbara Orlans
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Animal Pain ◽  
Pain Scales ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Pain scales classify the severity of pain inflicted on laboratory animals from little or none up to severe. A pain scale as part of public policy serves beneficial purposes that promote animal welfare. It can be used to educate people about the two alternatives of refinement and replacement, and the need to reduce animal pain. Furthermore, a pain scale has practical applications: 1) in review procedures for animal welfare concerns; 2) in developing policies on the use of animals in education; and 3) as a basis for collecting national data on animal experimentation, so that meaningful data can be collected on trends in reduction and control in animal pain. So far, only a few countries (including Sweden, the Netherlands, Canada and New Zealand) have adopted pain scales as part of their public policy. Most countries, including the United States, have not yet done so. The history of the development and adoption of pain scales by various countries is described and the case is presented for wider adoption of a pain scale in countries not currently using one.

scholarly journals H. L. Wagner's Unbiased Hit Rate and the Assessment of Categorical Forecasting Accuracy

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 802-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy W. Armistead
Keyword(s):  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Skill Score ◽  
Conditional Probabilities ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Forecasting Accuracy ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Measure Of Association ◽  
Accuracy Rates

Abstract The paper briefly reviews measures that have been proposed since the 1880s to assess accuracy and skill in categorical weather forecasting. The majority of the measures consist of a single expression, for example, a proportion, the difference between two proportions, a ratio, or a coefficient. Two exemplar single-expression measures for 2 × 2 categorical arrays that chronologically bracket the 130-yr history of this effort—Doolittle's inference ratio i and Stephenson's odds ratio skill score (ORSS)—are reviewed in detail. Doolittle's i is appropriately calculated using conditional probabilities, and the ORSS is a valid measure of association, but both measures are limited in ways that variously mirror all single-expression measures for categorical forecasting. The limitations that variously affect such measures include their inability to assess the separate accuracy rates of different forecast–event categories in a matrix, their sensitivity to the interdependence of forecasts in a 2 × 2 matrix, and the inapplicability of many of them to the general k × k (k ≥ 2) problem. The paper demonstrates that Wagner's unbiased hit rate, developed for use in categorical judgment studies with any k × k (k ≥ 2) array, avoids these limitations while extending the dual-measure Bayesian approach proposed by Murphy and Winkler in 1987.

The effect of gravity waves on specular echoes observed by the Poker Flat MST Radar

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Gage ◽  
D. A. Carter ◽  
W. L. Ecklund
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Mst Radar

Theory of water waves derived from a Lagrangian. Part 1. Standing waves

2000 ◽  
Vol 423 ◽  
pp. 275-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL S. LONGUET-HIGGINS
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Water Waves ◽  
Fourier Coefficients ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Standing Waves ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Sharp Corners ◽  
New System

A new system of equations for calculating time-dependent motions of deep-water gravity waves (Balk 1996) is here developed analytically and set in a form suitable for practical applications. The method is fully nonlinear, and has the advantage of essential simplicity. Both the potential and the kinetic energy involve polynomial expressions of low degree in the Fourier coefficients Yn(t). This leads to equations of motion of correspondingly low degree. Moreover the constants in the equations are very simple. In this paper the equations of motion are specialized to standing waves, where the coefficients Yn are all real. Truncation of the series at low values of [mid ]n[mid ], say n < N, leads to ‘partial waves’ with solutions apparently periodic in the time t. For physical applications N must however be large. The method will be applied to the breaking of standing waves by the forming of sharp corners at the crests, and the generation of vertical jets rising from the wave troughs.

scholarly journals Local wavelet correlation: applicationto timing analysis of multi-satellite CLUSTER data

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 4185-4196 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Soucek ◽  
T. Dudok de Wit ◽  
M. Dunlop ◽  
P. Décréau
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Timing Analysis ◽  
Stationary Time Series ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Radio Science ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Cluster Data ◽  
Instruments And Techniques ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Multiple Spacecraft

Abstract. Multi-spacecraft space observations, such as those of CLUSTER, can be used to infer information about local plasma structures by exploiting the timing differences between subsequent encounters of these structures by individual satellites. We introduce a novel wavelet-based technique, the Local Wavelet Correlation (LWC), which allows one to match the corresponding signatures of large-scale structures in the data from multiple spacecraft and determine the relative time shifts between the crossings. The LWC is especially suitable for analysis of strongly non-stationary time series, where it enables one to estimate the time lags in a more robust and systematic way than ordinary cross-correlation techniques. The technique, together with its properties and some examples of its application to timing analysis of bow shock and magnetopause crossing observed by CLUSTER, are presented. We also compare the performance and reliability of the technique with classical discontinuity analysis methods. Key words. Radio science (signal processing) – Space plasma physics (discontinuities; instruments and techniques)

A Discussion on the early days of ionospheric research and the theory of electric and magnetic waves in the ionosphere and magnetosphere - U. R. S. I. and the early history of the ionosphere

1975 ◽  
Vol 280 (1293) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
International Union ◽  
Radio Science ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
World Community ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Armed Services

Although the origins of the International Union of Radio Science can be traced back to October 1912, the formation of the Union itself as an international organisation for the cooperative scientific study of problems in wireless telegraphy, dates from 1919. In the wireless communication field the years immediately following World War I were a period of transition, in which the advantages of short waves over long waves for World-wide communication were being rapidly appreciated. It was a period too in which large numbers of enthusiastic wireless operators were demobilised from the armed services and started the great boom in amateur wireless communication which continues to this day. In fact it was not without significance that the original title of U.R.S.I. was the ‘International Union for Scientific Wireless Telegraphy’ (later changed to ‘International Union for Scientific Radio’) - the inclusion of the word ‘Scientific’ was, from the start, a matter of deliberate policy. However, as we shall see, the founding fathers of U.R.S.I., while inserting ‘ Scientific ’ into the title of the new organization, were careful not to isolate it completely from the great world community of amateur wireless enthusiasts.

scholarly journals ALS-Based Detection of Past Human Activities in the Białowieża Forest—New Evidence of Unknown Remains of Past Agricultural Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 2657
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Stereńczak ◽  
Rafał Zapłata ◽  
Jarosław Wójcik ◽  
Bartłomiej Kraszewski ◽  
Miłosz Mielcarek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Practical Result ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Białowieża Forest ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Evidence

The Białowieża Forest (BF), a unique ecosystem of historical significance in central Europe, has a long history of assumed human settlement, with at least 200 known archaeological sites (until 2016). This study uncovers new evidence of the cultural heritage of this unique forest area using Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) technology combined with traditional archaeological field assessment methods to verify the ALS data interpretations and to provide additional evidence about the function and origin of the newly detected archaeological sites. The results of this study include (1) a scientific approach for an improved identification of archaeological resources in forest areas; (2) new evidence about the history of the human use of the BF based on ALS data, covering the entire Polish part of the BF; and (3) an improved remote sensing infrastructure, supporting existing GIS (Geographic Information System) systems for the BF, a famous UNESCO Heritage site. Our study identified numerous locations with evidence of past human agricultural activities known in the literature as “field systems”, “lynchets” and “Celtic fields”. The initial identification included more than 300 km of possible field boundaries and plough headlands, many of which we have verified on the ground. Various past human activities creating those boundaries have existed since the (pre-) Roman Period up to the 13th century AD. The results of this study demonstrate that past human activities in the Polish part of the Białowieża Forest had been more prevalent than previously believed. As a practical result of the described activities, a geodatabase was created; this has practical applications for the system of monument protection in Poland, as well as for local communities and the BF’s management and conservation. The more widely achieved results are in line with the implementation of the concept of a cultural heritage inventory in forested and protected areas—the actions taken specify (built globally) the forms of protection and management of cultural and environmental goods.

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