An artificial pancreas provided a novel model of blood glucose level variability in beagles

Recently, diabetes is known as one of non-communicable diseases that can lead to fatal if there is no further cure is to be taken especially in South-East Asia regions. An artificial pancreas is introduced to help diabetes patient controls their blood glucose level but the current device is not functioning as fully automated yet. In order to have fully automated artificial pancreas, a controller needs to be improved as the current controller is 33% less accuracy than required. This improvement will help Type 1 diabetes patient in managing their blood glucose level at recommended range. Besides, the presence of controller will help the patient to live normally as non-diabetes people. This research is done to study behaviours of variables in Hovorka model for Type 1 diabetes and to simulate the Hovorka equations. gPROMS software is used due to its speciality in real-time dynamic simulation, fast calculation in complex mathematical equations and capable to adapt multi-parametric programming and Model Predictive Control (MPC). The study is conducted using simulation software based on previous studies experimental data; focusing on the algorithm of the controller. The results illustrate the most active parameter in the model is the administration (bolus & infusion) of insulin.

Download Full-text

Control of Blood Glucose Level for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus using Improved Hovorka Equations: Comparison between Clinical and In-Silico Works

10.1101/2020.10.09.332809 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nur’Amanina Mohd Sohadi ◽

Ayub Md Som ◽

Noor Shafina Mohd Nor ◽

Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof ◽

Sherif Abdulbari Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Glucose Level ◽

In Silico ◽

Artificial Pancreas ◽

The Body

AbstractBackgroundType 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) occurs due to inability of the body to produce sufficient amount of insulin to regulate blood glucose level (BGL) at normoglycemic range between 4.0 to 7.0 mmol/L. Thus, T1DM patients require to do self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) via finger pricks and depend on exogenous insulin injection to maintain their BGL which is very painful and exasperating. Ongoing works on artificial pancreas device nowadays focus primarily on a computer algorithm which is programmed into the controller device. This study aims to simulate so-called improved equations from the Hovorka model using actual patients’ data through in-silico works and compare its findings with the clinical works.MethodsThe study mainly focuses on computer simulation in MATLAB using improved Hovorka equations in order to control the BGL in T1DM. The improved equations can be found in three subsystems namely; glucose, insulin and insulin action subsystems. CHO intakes were varied during breakfast, lunch and dinner times for three consecutive days. Simulated data are compared with the actual patients’ data from the clinical works.ResultsResult revealed that when the patient took 36.0g CHO during breakfast and lunch, the insulin administered was 0.1U/min in order to maintain the blood glucose level (BGL) in the safe range after meal; while during dinner time, 0.083U/min to 0.1 U/min of insulins were administered in order to regulate 45.0g CHO taken during meal. The basal insulin was also injected at 0.066U/min upon waking up time in the early morning. The BGL was able to remain at normal range after each meal during in-silico works compared to clinical works.ConclusionsThis study proved that the improved Hovorka equations via in-silico works can be employed to model the effect of meal disruptions on T1DM patients, as it demonstrated better control as compared to the clinical works.

Download Full-text

Control Limitations in Models of T1DM and the Robustness of Optimal Insulin Delivery

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology ◽

10.1177/1932296818789950 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 926-936 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christopher Townsend ◽

Maria M. Seron ◽

Graham C. Goodwin ◽

Bruce R. King

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Artificial Pancreas ◽

Parameter Uncertainties ◽

Optimal Input ◽

Glucose Profiles

Background: In insulin therapy, the blood glucose level is constrained from below by the hypoglycemic threshold, that is, the blood glucose level must remain above this threshold. It has been shown that this constraint fundamentally limits the ability to lower the maxima of the blood glucose level predicted by many mathematical models of glucose metabolism. However, it is desirable to minimize hyperglycemia as well. Hence, a desirable insulin input is one that minimizes the maximum glucose concentration while causing it to remain above the hypoglycemic, or higher, threshold. It has been shown that this input, which we call optimal, is characterized by glucose profiles for which either each maximum of the glucose concentration is followed by a minimum or each minimum is followed by a maximum. Methods: We discuss the implication of this inherent control limitation for clinical practice and test, through simulation, the robustness of the optimal input to a number of different model and parameter uncertainties. We further develop guidelines on how to design an optimal insulin input that is robust to such uncertainties. Results: The optimal input is in general not robust to uncertainties. However, a number of strategies may be used to ensure the blood glucose level remains above the hypoglycemic threshold and the maximum blood glucose level achieved is less than that achieved by standard therapy. Conclusions: An understanding of the limitations on the controllability of the blood glucose level is important for future treatment improvements and the development of artificial pancreas systems.

Download Full-text

System Identification in Modified Diabetic Model for Nanochip Controller

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.938.299 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 938 ◽

pp. 299-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nur Farhana binti Mohd Yusof ◽

Ayub Md Som ◽

Ahmmed Saadi Ibrehem ◽

Sherif Abdulbari Ali

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

System Identification ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Artificial Pancreas ◽

Optimum Level ◽

Diabetic Model ◽

Study Parameter ◽

Identification Technique ◽

Level Problem

Keeping pace with emerging technologies, artificial pancreas is highly recommended to be used as an alternate way to solve blood glucose level problem for Type 1 diabetes patients. It is aimed to develop an embedded nanochip controller in order to regulate the blood glucose level within the safety range. However, due to the lack of effectiveness in algorithm, the blood glucose level in patients body is still not achieving the optimum level. The function of the algorithm, which is the heart of the device, needs to be analyzed in order to ensure the device can be fully utilized. Therefore, system identification technique is applied with objective to study the interrelation among all parameters and variables in the modified diabetic model. As a consequence, the results derived from the method, give us better comprehension in determining which parameters give higher effects on the glucose and insulin system. Thereupon, the main factors in the system are able to be recognized through system identification technique. In this study, parameter tmax_I gave highest effect percentage with 66.89% at interaction with insulin,I. On the whole, system identification is very useful to see clear picture of interrelation and correlation in glucose and insulin system.

Download Full-text

Metrological support of individual blood glucose meters in telemedicine

Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika ◽

10.32446/0368-1025it.2019-12-52-56 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 52-56

Author(s):

Yu.F. Glukhov ◽

N.V. Krutikov ◽

A.V. Ivanov ◽

N.P. Muravskaya

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Test Method ◽

Level Measurement ◽

Measurement Devices ◽

Real Practice ◽

Health Care Centers ◽

Medical Measurement

We have studied and analyzed status and metrological supervision of blood glucose monitors, individual devices for a person’s blood glucose level measurement. It has been indicated that nowadays blood glucose monitors like other individual devices for medical measurement are not allowed to be involved in telemedicine public service. This accounts for absence of metrological supervision with these measurement devices in telemedicine. In addition, the key problem is absence of safe methods and means of remote verificaition, calibration and transmission of measurement data to health care centers. The article offers a remote test method for blood glucose monitors using a number of resistors with values correlating with measured blood glucose level. The available method has been successfully trialed in real practice.

Download Full-text

PENGENDALIAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH OLEH TEH HIJAU DAN ATAU TEH DAUN MURBEI PADA TIKUS DIABETES

Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan ◽

10.25182/jgp.2010.5.2.87-94 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 87

Author(s):

Rusman Efendi ◽

Evy Damayanthi ◽

Lilik Kustiyah ◽

Nastiti Kusumorini

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Green Tea ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Font Size ◽

High Prevalence ◽

The Difference ◽

Control Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is degeneratif disease with high prevalence that happens in many countries. Several studies had been done to control diabetes by using green tea, mullberry leaf tea, and their mixture. The aim of this research was to analyze the influence of the administration green tea, mullbery leaf tea, and their mixtures to blood glucose level of diabetic rats both during 120 minutes after administration. This research had four phases, first to determine the best mullberry leaf tea, second to fourth phases respectively, determine turnover of blood glucose level on normal rats; attempt during 120 minutes on diabetic rats. The result of research during 120 minutes have showed that blood glucose level on diabetic rats which were administered by green tea, mullberry leaf tea and their mixture is significantly difference with diabetic rats which were administered by water. Blood glucose level at baseline increased at 30th minutes and showed the difference significantly and then until 60th and 120th minutes and relatively stable. During 120 minutes after feed consumption, inhibition of blood glucose level occured increasingly on diabetic rats which were administered by green tea, mullberry leaf tea, and their mixture compared to diabetic rats which were administered by water.

Download Full-text

Anti-diabetic activity of diphenhydramine in diabetic rats

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 5067-5070

Author(s):

Pang Jyh Chayng ◽

Nurul Ain ◽

Kaswandi Md Ambia ◽

Rahim Md Noah

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Level ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Group Iv ◽

Diabetic Rat ◽

Control Group ◽

Group I

The purpose of this project is to study the anti-diabetic effect of on a diabetic rat model. A total of Twenty male Sprague rats were used and it randomly distributed into four groups which are Group I: , Group II: negative control, Group III: and Group IV: and . In diabetic model were induced with via injection at the dosage of 65mg/kg. and FBG (Fasting Blood Glucose) level of diabetic rats were assessed every three days. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture at day 21 after the induction of treatment. Insulin level of the rats was assessed with the Mercodia Rat Insulin ELISA kit. FBG level of group I (12.16 ±3.96, p<0.05) and group IV (11.34 ±3.67, p<0.05) were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the for all rats did not show any significant increase. However, the insulin level was escalated in group IV (0.74+0.25, p<0.05) significantly. The present study shows that the and the combination of and lowered blood glucose level and enhanced insulin secretion.

Download Full-text

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Admission blood glucose level and mortality among hospitalized nondiabetic patients with heart failure.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1047201.497125 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Mariell Jessup

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Patients With Heart Failure

Download Full-text

Preparation and Evaluation of Glipizide Tablets Containing both Enhanced and Sustained Release Solid Dispersions

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology ◽

10.37285/ijpsn.2009.2.4.5 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 714-725

Author(s):

Adel M. Aly ◽

Ahmed S. Ali

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Solid Dispersions ◽

Solvent Evaporation ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Solvent Evaporation Method ◽

Evaporation Method ◽

Tablet Formulations

: Glipizide (GZ) is an oral blood-glucose-lowering drug of the sulfonylurea class characterized by its poor aqueous solubility. Aiming for the production of GZ tablets with rapid onset of action followed by prolonged effect; GZ-Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000 and 6000) solid dispersions with different ratios, (using melting and solvent evaporation method), as well as, coprecipitate containing GZ with polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) were prepared. Four tablet formulations were prepared containing; a) GZ alone, b) GZ: PEG6000, 1:10, c) GZ:PMMA 1:3, and, d)both GZ:PEG6000 1:10 and GZ:PMMA 1:3. The solvent evaporation method showed more enhancement of GZ solubility than the melting one, and this solubilizing effect increased with PEG increment. Generally, PEG6000 showed more enhancement of dissolution than PEG4000 especially at 1:10 drug: polymer ratio (the most enhancing formula). Also, the prepared tablet formulations showed acceptable physical properties according to USP/NF requirements. The dissolution results revealed that tablets containing PEG6000 (1:10) have the most rapid release rate, followed by the formula containing both PEG6000 and PMMA, while that including PMMA alone showed the slowest dissolution rate. Moreover, In-vivo studies for each of the above four formulations, were performed using four mice groups. The most effective formula in decreasing the blood glucose level, through the first 6 hours, was that containing GZ and PEG6000, 1:10. However, formula containing the combination of enhanced and sustained GZ was the most effective in decreasing the blood glucose level through 16 hours. Successful in-vitro in-vivo correlations could be detected between the percent released and the percent decreasing of blood glucose level after 0.5 hours.

Download Full-text