scholarly journals Social context shapes cognitive abilities: associative memories are modulated by fight outcome and social isolation in the crab Neohelice granulata

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jimena Santos ◽  
Santiago A. Merlo ◽  
Laura Kaczer ◽  
Maria E. Pedreira
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Associative Memories ◽  
Neohelice Granulata ◽  
Context Shapes

scholarly journals The Role of Social Cognition Abilities in Parkinson's Disease in the Era of COVID-19 Emergency

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Dodich ◽  
Costanza Papagno ◽  
Luca Turella ◽  
Claudia Meli ◽  
Francesca Zappini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Parametric Analyses ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Introduction: Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, among which deficits in social cognition might affect ~20% of patients. This study aims to evaluate the role of social cognitive abilities in the perceived impact of COVID-19 emergency, and the effects of lockdown measures on patients' social network and caregivers' burden.Methods: Fourteen PD patients performed a neuropsychological battery including sociocognitive tasks before the introduction of COVID-19 restrictive measures (i.e., social distancing and isolation). A structured interview through an online platform was performed in the last 2 weeks of the first lockdown phase to assess patients' health status, perception of COVID-19 emergency, changes in caregivers' burden, and patients' social isolation. Non-parametric analyses were performed to evaluate the association between social skills and patients' COVID-19 perception, as well as the effects of restrictive measures.Results: At baseline evaluation, half of the PD patients showed sociocognitive dysfunctions, mainly on mentalizing abilities. Patients with impaired social cognition skills showed a significantly lower concern on the possible effects of COVID-19 on their health. Caregiver burden and patients' social network remained stable during the lockdown.Conclusion: These preliminary results underline that PD sociocognitive dysfunctions might affect patients' abilities to estimate the effects of COVID-19 infection. However, the lack of a significant increase in caregivers' burden and social isolation suggests, in our sample, a good coping to COVID-19 emergency. Since COVID-19 pandemic can have direct and indirect severe consequences in patients with PD, the development of educational and preventive programs is recommended.

A Qualitative Analysis of Offenders’ Emotional Responses to Perpetrating Sexual Assault

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn L. Brennan ◽  
Kevin M. Swartout ◽  
Sarah L. Cook ◽  
Dominic J. Parrott
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Treatment Development ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Sexual Assault Perpetration

The purpose of this study was to understand sexual assault perpetrators’ emotional responses to perpetration to facilitate treatment development and to better understand processes that may give rise to repeat perpetration. Sixty-one firsthand narratives of sexual assault perpetration, posted on Reddit.com , were analyzed using qualitative text analysis. The analysis revealed four primary emotional responses to perpetrating sexual assault: shame, guilt, depression, and anger. Each emotional response was associated with different contextual features that appeared in the narratives. Shame co-occurred with perpetrator alcohol use and consent confusion, guilt co-occurred with perpetrators’ stated self-growth, anger co-occurred with denial of responsibility and hostility toward women, and depressed affect co-occurred with social isolation following perpetration. The findings indicate certain emotional responses may be more adaptive than others for protecting against repeat perpetration. This research has important implications for the treatment of perpetrators and supports the idea that self-image and perceived social context may be important treatment targets.

Fear of Fat

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
Pamela K. Keel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Moral Character ◽  
Healthy Behaviors ◽  
Purging Disorder ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Muscular Ideal ◽  
Fear Of Fat ◽  
The U.S

Fear of fat drives people with purging disorder to engage in extreme methods to rid their body of weight. Our social context creates and reinforces that fear by linking weight to health, beauty, moral character, and popularity. Multiple levels in our environment convey these messages, including mass media, peers, and family, and influence the likelihood of purging. Although these beliefs are widely held, they deviate from facts. Behaviors rather than body weight are the strongest determinant of health. The association between weight and beauty is highly subjective and malleable. There is no association between body weight and moral character. The majority of the U.S. population is not living in social isolation despite possessing body weights that deviate from the thin/muscular ideal. Interventions designed to improve healthy behaviors and reduce internalization of the thin ideal have demonstrated success in reducing purging, supporting the value of recognizing and rejecting fear of fat.

Culture, Beliefs, and Decisions

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-196
Author(s):  
Robert Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Informed Decisions ◽  
Kim Sterelny ◽  
Basic Beliefs

This concluding chapter highlights Robert Boyd's reply to the commentators, in which he expresses appreciation for their thoughtful disagreements, all of which “accept the value of trying to understand how culture evolved.” Boyd notes one broad point of contention, shared by Ruth Mace, Kim Sterelny, and Paul Seabright, which is that he does not “give people enough credit for making smart, well-informed decisions.” Boyd stands his ground, arguing that individual choice matters but people's basic beliefs come from their social context. With respect to the related comments by H. Allen Orr and others, Boyd expresses agreement that “cognitive abilities and cultural learning are mutually reinforcing.” Ultimately, Boyd ably defends his model against all four commentators and concludes by offering a pointed defense, against Seabright, of his own more optimistic view.

ALL RESPONSES ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovonne J. Bickerstaff
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Public Space ◽  
First Generation ◽  
School Work ◽  
National Community ◽  
Set Constraints ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Context Shapes ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis exploratory study makes a contribution to the literature on antiracism by analyzing how first-generation French Blacks of sub-Saharan African descent practice everyday antiracism. In doing so, it expands the demographic terrain of this research to highlight some particularities in the experience of everyday racism and antiracism for ethnoracial minorities of immigrant origins. In addition to experiencing forms of racism encountered by both immigrants and other native ethnoracial minorities, first-generation French Blacks (like other non-White first-generation Europeans), face symbolic exclusion from the national community and delegitimization of their claims to Europeanness. Examining their experiences sheds light on how race, immigration, and national identity intersect to generate unique experiences of racism and antiracism. This paper also contributes to our understanding of how social context shapes the range of everyday antiracist strategies at a person's disposal. Specifically, integrating Kasinitz et al.'s (2008) framework for categorizing incidents of racial discrimination and prejudice with Fleming et al.'s (2010) categorization of responses to stigmatization, I present an analysis of antiracist responses that takes into account both the nature of the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator of racism (i.e., impersonal vs. personal) and the social context in which the encounter occurs (e.g., school, work, public space, etc). In doing so, I highlight how the conditions of a given incident of racism or discrimination set constraints on the range of antiracist responses an individual can practically (or feasibly) employ.

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