basic beliefs
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2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 455-490
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Martínez-Zelaya ◽  
Marian Bilbao Ramírez ◽  
Darío Páez Rovira

Perceived changes in basic beliefs and growth related to life events were examined in three studies. A representative sample (N = 885), a sample of students and their families (N = 291) and a sample of students (N = 245) responded with a list of positive and negative life events, a scale of changes in basic beliefs and a post-traumatic growth scale. Positive events were strongly associated with changes in basic beliefs, while only weak associations were found for negative events. In addition, negative changes in basic beliefs were associated with growth only in negative life events and positive changes in basic beliefs were generally associated with growth.


Author(s):  
Lyudmila G. Zhedunova ◽  
Nikolay N. Posysoev

The article examines the question of the impact of the pandemic crisis on the basic beliefs of an individual. The results of a comparative study of the structure of basic beliefs during the period of personal crisis, pandemic and outside the crisis period are presented. Based on the analysis of the results of the study, it is concluded that in a pandemic situation, the severity of the conviction that the world around is beautiful and full of goodness decreases, while the «Image of the Self» remains steadily positive. A person perceives the situation of a pandemic detachedly, as an event not related to his individual life.


2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 70-82
Author(s):  
N. Kharlamenkova ◽  
◽  
O. S. Zaitsev ◽  
D.A. Nikitina ◽  
A. N. Koposova ◽  
...  

The results of a theoretical and empirical study of basic beliefs and their relationship with the level of post-traumatic stress, personal characteristics, and psychological safety represenrarions in people with severe somatic disease ("meningioma" (n=60)) are analysed. Basic beliefs are presented as empirical markers of a person's experience of an existential experience. Hypotheses about individual psychological differences in a person's attitude to himself and the world in the conditions of experiencing a difficult life event are tested. It is proved that people with a positive attitude towards themselves and the world have high rates on the World Assumption Scale (WAS) and such subscales as benevolence of the world, controllability, justice, self-worth and luck. It is shown that a positive attitude towards oneself and the world correlates with a certain configuration of personality traits on Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), including sociability, poise, masculinity; the representations about psychological safety are related to the orientation of the person towards internal resources (competence, life experience, control, etc.). The people with negative attitudes towards themselves and the world, i.e. with low rates on the WAS, are characterized as neurotic, depressive, irritable, emotionally labile on FPI; their representations about psychological safety are related with the need in social support. In a group with averages on the WAS, personality profile is similar to the profile of the people with low rates on the WAS in exception of depression and femininity; the psychological safety is associated with internal and external resources. The results are discussed in the context of existential experience problem.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Llewelyn Richards

<p>My thesis is that modem symbolic mathematical logics have an important contribution to make to theologies. I demonstrate this firstly in a 'theoretical section' (i) by showing what logics are and why they can be trusted; (ii) by showing how all theologies may be correctly treated as axiomatic systems; (iii) by outlining some modern logics which can assist theological thinking, including a logic I construct for this purpose called the Theologic. I demonstrate this, secondly, in an 'applied logic' section, by looking at (iv) the theology of one current branch of Christianity in detail, outlining its logical problems and the consequences of trying to avoid them; (v) 'post-modern' Christian theologies, firstly those that suggest that the word 'God' is a symbol rather than a name, and secondly at three feminist theologies two of which are logically quite radical; (vi) pantheism, in particular at Spinoza's ideas and Lovelock's Gaia; (vii) two religions, Buddhism and Confucianism, which, in their basic religious thinking, can be said to have no gods. I find that all religions I have studied - and they are representative of religions actual, proposed and imagined - have serious logical flaws, some known of old, others brought to light by the modern logics. The consequences of making the religions more logically sound are generally unacceptable to the members of the faiths. The suggestion that the gods use a different sort of logic to us is generally logically unacceptable. This does not leave abandoning religion as the only other possibility: the work of theologians in future, assisted by mathematical logic, may be (a) to bring about changes in basic beliefs, and (b) to assist in the birth of new, logically sound, religions. These investigations are carried out in the spirit of A N Prior, who came to logic through a Christian upbringing which gave him an interest in theology, a desire to make that theology more consistent, and as Professor of Philosophy at Canterbury College (as it then was) taught me. My upbringing was similar. We both, in the end, found conventional Christianity too illogical to believe. Time having past, I have been able to examine the logic of other, and newer, theologies.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Llewelyn Richards

<p>My thesis is that modem symbolic mathematical logics have an important contribution to make to theologies. I demonstrate this firstly in a 'theoretical section' (i) by showing what logics are and why they can be trusted; (ii) by showing how all theologies may be correctly treated as axiomatic systems; (iii) by outlining some modern logics which can assist theological thinking, including a logic I construct for this purpose called the Theologic. I demonstrate this, secondly, in an 'applied logic' section, by looking at (iv) the theology of one current branch of Christianity in detail, outlining its logical problems and the consequences of trying to avoid them; (v) 'post-modern' Christian theologies, firstly those that suggest that the word 'God' is a symbol rather than a name, and secondly at three feminist theologies two of which are logically quite radical; (vi) pantheism, in particular at Spinoza's ideas and Lovelock's Gaia; (vii) two religions, Buddhism and Confucianism, which, in their basic religious thinking, can be said to have no gods. I find that all religions I have studied - and they are representative of religions actual, proposed and imagined - have serious logical flaws, some known of old, others brought to light by the modern logics. The consequences of making the religions more logically sound are generally unacceptable to the members of the faiths. The suggestion that the gods use a different sort of logic to us is generally logically unacceptable. This does not leave abandoning religion as the only other possibility: the work of theologians in future, assisted by mathematical logic, may be (a) to bring about changes in basic beliefs, and (b) to assist in the birth of new, logically sound, religions. These investigations are carried out in the spirit of A N Prior, who came to logic through a Christian upbringing which gave him an interest in theology, a desire to make that theology more consistent, and as Professor of Philosophy at Canterbury College (as it then was) taught me. My upbringing was similar. We both, in the end, found conventional Christianity too illogical to believe. Time having past, I have been able to examine the logic of other, and newer, theologies.</p>


Author(s):  
Irina V. Lokhova

The main aim of the article is to consider impartially the formation of O. Bismarck’s worldview and the stages of his development as a political figure. A lot of biographers are often biased and sometimes reach panegyric or censure in their attitude to this person. The article examines objectively the factors that influenced the formation of O. Bismarck’s personality, limiting itself only to the main features of his personal character and family environment, without dwelling in detail on his political activities. Bismarck’s mother was excellently educated, combined the sentimental-religious mood of her century and the liberal beliefs inherited from her father, she aimed to awaken ambition and the desire to achieve her goals in her children from childhood. His father, unlike emotionless and refined mother, was a former military man who preferred rural life to urban life and he spoiled children in every possible way and was the soul of the family. She was shrewd and ambitious, personified intelligence and she loved to have conversations with intelligent people and to play chess, he was full of humor and fun and he preferred living on the estate and hunting. Perhaps due to this inconsistency, Bismarck was not brought up in class prejudices in his native home, but later his basic beliefs were formed under the influence of the environment.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentyna Balakhtar

professional development of the social work personality. The purpose of the study is to determine the socio-psychological characteristics and the level of formation of the cognitive-affective sphere of social work specialists. According to the results of the research, there is an insufficient level of awareness and understanding of the peculiarities of the formation in the field of social work: most social work specialists understand the formation in the field of social work as a professional help to different categories of the population. Insufficient awareness of the system of indicators of formation of a specialist (professionally important qualities) has been established. The basic beliefs of specialists, the creative potential and its indicators, which turned out to be quite underdeveloped in social work specialists, are investigated. A high level of positive self-esteem was found in only about half of the subjects; less than half of those surveyed have low levels of psychological well-being, resulting in low levels of empathy.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0255101
Author(s):  
Masanori Takano ◽  
Fumiaki Taka ◽  
Soichiro Morishita ◽  
Tomosato Nishi ◽  
Yuki Ogawa

It is well investigated that the expression of racial prejudice is often induced by news coverage on the internet, and the exposure to media contributes to the cultivation of long-term prejudice. However, there is a lack of information regarding the immediate effects of news delivered through television or television-like media on the expression of racial prejudice. This study provides a framework for understanding such effects by focusing on content-audience associations using the logs of an “online television” service, which provides television-like content and user experiences. With these logs, we found an association between the news-watching and comment-posting behaviors. Consequently, logs relevant to two distinct forms of racism, modern and old-fashioned racism, were extracted. Using mathematical modeling, which considers the different levels of program inducements to racist expression, personal inclinations of audiences to racism, and certainty of prediction of audience behaviors, we found three associative patterns between the news programs and audiences. The relevance of the topics covered to the basic beliefs of each form of racism was characterized into three clusters: expression as a reaction to news that is directly relevant to the basic beliefs of racism with weak inducements by non-bigots, minority abuse by distorting the meanings of news content indirectly relevant to the beliefs but with strong inducements by audiences with a strong bias, and racial toxic opinions independent of the news content by clear bigots. Our findings provide implications for inhibiting the expression of online prejudice based on the characteristics of these patterns.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Zekeryaev

The article provides a critical analysis of the literature on the researches of the sphere of personality values in the Internet space. Also, in the course of the study, it was determined that the sphere of personality values is a complex dynamic construct of the personality, which determines its inner world and outlines the vector of its activity. It was also revealed that the virtual personality of an Internet user is a complex formation that is formed during the transition of a real person to the socio-cultural space of the Internet, with subsequent integration into it and the internalization of the values and meanings of the virtual society. The virtual personality of an Internet user as a psychological phenomenon was analyzed; such properties of a virtual personality as virtuality (the degree of acceptance of virtual reality as a social environment), involvement (the level of information and computer technologies awareness and a sense of belonging to a virtual society) and orientation (the presence or absence of ideas about socially approved behavior in Internet society) are described. The article analyzes the results of an empirical study of the influence of the component of basic beliefs in the value-semantic sphere of a person on the properties of their virtual image. It was revealed that there is a correlation between the indicator of the basic belief in the benevolence of the world and the level of virtual personality (people with the belief in the benevolence of the world in the Internet space have developed motivation for creative activity), as well as a correlation between the indicator of the basic belief in the controllability of the world and the level of involvement of the virtual personality (people with a conviction of the controllability of the world in the Internet space tend to perceive themselves as a significant part of it).


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Laukkonen ◽  
Benjamin Kaveladze ◽  
John Protzko ◽  
Jason Marcus Tangen ◽  
Bill von Hippel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

Our basic beliefs about reality can be impossible to prove and yet we can feel a strong intuitive conviction for them, as exemplified by insights that imbue an idea with immediate certainty. Here we presented participants with worldviews such as “people’s core qualities are fixed”, and simultaneously elicited an aha moment. In the first experiment (N = 3,000), which included a direct replication, participants rated worldview beliefs as truer when they solved anagrams and experienced aha moments. A second experiment (N = 1,005) showed that the worldview statement and the aha moment must be perceived simultaneously for the insight misattribution effect to occur. These results demonstrate that artificially induced aha moments can make worldviews seem truer, possibly because humans rely on feelings of insight to appraise an idea’s veracity. Feelings of insight are therefore not epiphenomenal and should be investigated for their effects on decisions, beliefs, and delusions.


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