Evolutionary histories and mycorrhizal associations of mycoheterotrophic plants dependent on saprotrophic fungi

AbstractMycoheterotrophic plants (MHPs) are leafless, achlorophyllous, and completely dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for their carbon supply. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a mutualistic association with fungi that is undertaken by the majority of land plants, but mycoheterotrophy represents a breakdown of this mutualism in that plants parasitize fungi. Most MHPs are associated with fungi that are mycorrhizal with autotrophic plants, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Although these MHPs gain carbon via the common mycorrhizal network that links the surrounding autotrophic plants, some mycoheterotrophic lineages are associated with saprotrophic (SAP) fungi, which are free-living and decompose leaf litter and wood materials. Such MHPs are dependent on the forest carbon cycle, which involves the decomposition of wood debris and leaf litter, and have a unique biology and evolutionary history. MHPs associated with SAP fungi (SAP-MHPs) have to date been found only in the Orchidaceae and likely evolved independently at least nine times within that family. Phylogenetically divergent SAP Basidiomycota, mostly Agaricales but also Hymenochaetales, Polyporales, and others, are involved in mycoheterotrophy. The fungal specificity of SAP-MHPs varies from a highly specific association with a single fungal species to a broad range of interactions with multiple fungal orders. Establishment of symbiotic culture systems is indispensable for understanding the mechanisms underlying plant–fungus interactions and the conservation of MHPs. Symbiotic culture systems have been established for many SAP-MHP species as a pure culture of free-living SAP fungi is easier than that of biotrophic AM or ECM fungi. Culturable SAP-MHPs are useful research materials and will contribute to the advancement of plant science.

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Differing Life-History Strategies of Two Mycoheterotrophic Orchid Species Associated with Leaf Litter- and Wood-Decaying Fungi

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13040161 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 161

Author(s):

Yuki Ogura-Tsujita ◽

Kenshi Tetsuka ◽

Shuichiro Tagane ◽

Miho Kubota ◽

Shuichiro Anan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Leaf Litter ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Life History Strategy ◽

Life History Strategies ◽

Small Scale ◽

Nutrient Depletion ◽

Saprotrophic Fungi ◽

Orchid Species ◽

Mycoheterotrophic Plants

Mycoheterotrophic orchids depend completely on mycorrhizal fungi for their supply of carbon. The life-history traits of mycoheterotrophic plants (MHPs) can differ according to the characteristics of the associated mycorrhizal fungi. We compared the life-history strategies of two mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with wood- and leaf litter-decaying fungi over a maximum of six years of field monitoring. Seventy percent of the aboveground stems of Erythrorchis altissima, associated with wood-decaying fungi, disappeared from the host wood within two years after tagging, likely due to nutrient depletion. In contrast, Gastrodia confusa, associated with leaf litter-decaying fungi, occurred continuously (18 to 108 fruiting stalks) every year within a small-scale plot (12 × 45 m) for six years through seed and clonal propagation. Our results support the idea that mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with wood-decaying fungi disappear from their habitats due to nutrient depletion after their host wood has mostly decayed, while mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with leaf litter-decaying fungi can survive in small-scale habitats where substantial leaf fall regularly occurs to sustain the associated fungi. Our study provides basic information about a unique life-history strategy in MHPs associated with saprotrophic fungi and an understanding of the variation in life-history strategies among MHPs.

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An outlook on ion signaling and ionome of mycorrhizal symbiosis

Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1590/s1677-04202011000100010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 79-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Alessandro C. Ramos ◽

Arnoldo R. Façanha ◽

Livia M. Palma ◽

Lev A. Okorokov ◽

Zilma M.A. Cruz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Signaling Molecules ◽

Land Plants ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Free Living ◽

Genetic Changes ◽

Molecular Bases

The 450-million-year-old interaction between the majority of land plants and mycorrhizal fungi is one of the most ancient, abundant, and ecologically important symbiosis on earth. The early events in the evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses seem to have involved reciprocal genetic changes in ancestral plants and free-living fungi. new data on the mechanism of action of specific signaling molecules and how it influence and is influenced by the membrane ions fluxes and cytoplasm ion oscillations which integrate the symbiotic ionome are improving our understanding of the molecular bases of the mycorrhization process. This mini-review will highlight topics regarding what is known about the ionome and ionic communication in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis focusing on the signals involved in the development of symbioses. Here we present an overview integrating the available data with the prospects of the research in the field.

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The root-fungus interplay in foraging for heterogeneous sources

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7796 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pavlína Stiblíková ◽

Martin Weiser ◽

Jan Jansa

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Experimental Approach ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Terrestrial Plants ◽

Root Foraging ◽

Heterogeneous Soil ◽

First Results

The distribution of nutrients in the soil is very heterogeneous at different scales relevant to plant roots, and plants respond to this heterogeneity by the architecture of the root system. The ability to form the root system in terms of the most effective nutrient uptake differs among species. Moreover, over 70% of terrestrial plants create arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, which helps them to acquire nutrients from the soil. It has been shown that plants with mycorrhizal symbiosis acquire nutrients from heterogeneous soil differently than plants without mycorrhizal fungi. Our study aims to estimate the link between the root and fungal foraging for heterogeneous sources using an experimental approach. We show the root foraging precision of nine plant species together with three fungal species in the heterogeneous soil environment. The first results suggest that root foraging is not affected by the presence of mycorrhizal fungi and that fungal foraging may form in the opposite direction than root foraging.

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Occurrence of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Alberta, Canada

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1993-11-1216 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 48 (11-12) ◽

pp. 923-929 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. M. Boyetchko ◽

J. P. Tewari

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Glomus Aggregatum ◽

X Ray ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Spore Walls ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract Three V A mycorrhizal fungal species were isolated from soils in Alberta, Canada and examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Mature spores of Glomus aggregatum developed an outer hyaline wall which contained lower levels of calcium than the middle wall. Examination of G. pansihalos spores revealed a lower level of calcium in the outer evanescent wall as compared to the ornamented wall. When spores of Entrophospora infrequens were examined, the wall of the vesicle was found to contain similar levels of calcium as the ornamented wall of the spore. The significance of the results concerning the presence of calcium in mycorrhizal spore walls is discussed, as is the occurrence of the mycorrhizal species.

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Cooperation among phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, humic acids and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induces soil microbiome shifts and enhances plant nutrient uptake

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture ◽

10.1186/s40538-021-00230-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vincenza Cozzolino ◽

Hiarhi Monda ◽

Davide Savy ◽

Vincenzo Di Meo ◽

Giovanni Vinci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Humic Acids ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Soil Microorganisms ◽

Microbial Community Composition ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Soil Microbiome ◽

Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ◽

Saprotrophic Fungi

Abstract Background Increasing the presence of beneficial soil microorganisms is a promising sustainable alternative to support conventional and organic fertilization and may help to improve crop health and productivity. If the application of single bioeffectors has shown satisfactory results, further improvements may arise by combining multiple beneficial soil microorganisms with natural bioactive molecules. Methods In the present work, we investigated in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions whether inoculation of two phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. (B2) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B3), alone or in combination with a humic acids (HA) extracted from green compost and/or a commercial inoculum (M) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), may affect maize growth and soil microbial community. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting analysis were performed to detect changes in the microbial community composition. Results Plant growth, N and P uptake, and mycorrhizal root colonization were found to be larger in all inoculated treatments than in the uninoculated control. The greatest P uptake was found when B. amyloliquefaciens was applied in combination with both HA and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (B3HAM), and when Pseudomonas was combined with HA (B2HA). The PLFA-based community profile revealed that inoculation changed the microbial community composition. Gram+/Gram− bacteria, AMF/saprotrophic fungi and bacteria/fungi ratios increased in all inoculated treatments. The greatest values for the AMF PLFA marker (C16:1ω5) and AMF/saprotrophic fungi ratio were found for the B3HAM treatment. Permutation test based on DGGE data confirmed a similar trend, with most significant variations in both bacterial and fungal community structures induced by inoculation of B2 or B3 in combination with HA and M, especially in B3HAM. Conclusions The two community-based datasets indicated changes in the soil microbiome of maize induced by inoculation of B2 or B3 alone or when combined with humic acids and mycorrhizal inoculum, leading to positive effects on plant growth and improved nutrient uptake. Our study implies that appropriate and innovative agricultural management, enhancing the potential contribution of beneficial soil microorganisms as AMF, may result in an improved nutrient use efficiency in plants.

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Seasonal Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Mangroves of Goa, India

International Journal of Biodiversity ◽

10.1155/2013/196527 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

James D’Souza ◽

Bernard Felinov Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Spore ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Spore Density ◽

Species Variation ◽

Fungal Community Composition ◽

Mangrove Plant

Seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community composition in three common mangrove plant species, namely, Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha, and Rhizophora mucronata, from two sites in Goa, India, were investigated. In all three species variation in AM fungal spore density was observed. Maximum spore density and AM species richness were recorded in the premonsoon season, while minimum spore density and richness were observed during monsoon season at both sites. A total of 11 AM fungal species representing five genera were recorded. Acaulospora laevis was recorded in all seasons at both sites. Multivariate analysis revealed that season and host coaffected AM spore density and species richness with the former having greater influence than the latter.

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Mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer on growth, essential oil production and nutrient uptake in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais ◽

10.1590/s1516-05722012000400018 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 692-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M.C. Arango ◽

M.F. Ruscitti ◽

M.G. Ronco ◽

J. Beltrano

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Glomus Intraradices ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Essential Oil Yield ◽

Essential Oil Production

This study evaluated the effects of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices A4 and Glomus intraradices B1 and two phosphorus levels (10 and 40 mg kg-1) on root colonization, plant growth, nutrient uptake and essential oil content in Mentha piperita L. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in 4x2 factorial arrangement, in completely randomized design. At sixty days after transplanting, the mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher fresh matter, dry matter and leaf area compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The inoculation increased P, K and Ca levels in the shoot which were higher under 40 mg P kg-1 of soil. Plants grown with 40 mg P kg-1 soil increased the essential oil yield per plant by about 40-50% compared to those cultivated with 10 mg P kg-1, regardless of the mycorrhizal treatment. Among the studied fungal species, inoculation with G. intraradices A4 and a high level of P significantly increased plant growth and essential oil yield, compared to the other studied mycorrhizal fungal species. In conclusion, inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into peppermint plants is a feasible alternative to increase the essential oil production and reduce the use of fertilizers required to obtain economic production of peppermint under phosphorus-deficient soil condition.

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Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares influenciam o desempenho hortícola de cultivares de morangueiro

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16972 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. e45410716972

Author(s):

José Luís Trevizan Chiomento ◽

João Eduardo Carniel de Paula ◽

Fabiola Stockmans De Nardi ◽

Thomas dos Santos Trentin ◽

Fernando Brollo Magro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Plant Host ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Total Anthocyanins ◽

Strawberry Cultivars

The inoculation of strawberry cultivars with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a profitable and viable biotechnological tool, with potential to improve the horticultural performance of plants. However, this biotechnology is lacking and unknown to producers. The aim of the research was to investigate whether strawberry cultivars in the absence and presence of inoculation with AMF differ in their horticultural performance. The treatments, delineated in a bifactorial scheme, were four strawberry cultivars in the absence and presence of two AMF-based inoculants. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, with three replications. The root system of ‘Albion’ cultivar showed the highest mycorrhizal colonization. Claroideoglomus etunicatum showed greater capacity to infect plant roots. ‘Portola’ was the most productive cultivar and ‘Albion’ and ‘Aromas’ produced strawberries with the highest levels of total anthocyanins. It is concluded that the use of mycorrhizal biotechnology enhances the levels of total flavonoids in fruits of the ‘Albion’ cultivar inoculated with the fungal species C. etunicatum. The root system of ‘Albion’ cultivar has greater mycorrhizal colonization. The fungal species C. etunicatum is more effective in colonizing the roots of the plant host. It is suggested to use the ‘Portola’ cultivar to obtain higher fruit yields and the ‘Albion’ and ‘Aromas’ cultivars for producers who aim to obtain strawberries with higher levels of total anthocyanins. ‘Aromas’ is recommended for those seeking a dual purpose (production and quality).

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Dual RNA-seq reveals large-scale non-conserved genotype x genotype specific genetic reprograming and molecular crosstalk in the mycorrhizal symbiosis

10.1101/393637 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ivan D. Mateus ◽

Frédéric G. Masclaux ◽

Consolée Aletti ◽

Edward C. Rojas ◽

Romain Savary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Large Scale ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Plant Host ◽

Transcriptional Responses ◽

Plant Genes ◽

Fungal Genetic

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) impact plant growth and are a major driver of plant diversity and productivity. We quantified the contribution of intra-specific genetic variability in cassava (Manihot esculenta) and Rhizophagus irregularis to gene reprogramming in symbioses using dual RNA-sequencing. A large number of cassava genes exhibited altered transcriptional responses to the fungus but transcription of most of these plant genes (72%) responded in a different direction or magnitude depending on the plant genotype. Two AMF isolates displayed large differences in their transcription, but the direction and magnitude of the transcriptional responses for a large number of these genes was also strongly influenced by the genotype of the plant host. This indicates that unlike the highly conserved plant genes necessary for the symbiosis establishment, plant and fungal gene transcriptional responses are not conserved and are greatly influenced by plant and fungal genetic differences, even at the within-species level. The transcriptional variability detected allowed us to identify an extensive gene network showing the interplay in plant-fungal reprogramming in the symbiosis. Key genes illustrated that the two organisms jointly program their cytoskeleton organisation during growth of the fungus inside roots. Our study reveals that plant and fungal genetic variation plays a strong role in shaping the genetic reprograming in response to symbiosis, indicating considerable genotype x genotype interactions in the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Such variation needs to be considered in order to understand the molecular mechanisms between AMF and their plant hosts in natural communities.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) of the Vistula Bar

Acta Mycologica ◽

10.5586/am.2002.005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 37 (1-2) ◽

pp. 39-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Janusz Błaszkowski ◽

Iwona Adamska ◽

Beata Czerniawska

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Sand Dunes ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Field Samples ◽

North Eastern ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Soil Mixtures ◽

Plant Families

The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the, phylum Glomeromycota associated with plants of maritime sand dunes of the Vistula Bar localed in north-eastern Poland was investigated. The presence of AMF was revealed based on spores isolated from field-collected root-rhizosphere soil mixtures and two-cycle pot trap cultures established with parts of these mixtures. The mixtures came from under five species in four plant families. Spores of AMF occurred in 54.8% of the field samples and belonged to eight species. Additionally, culturing of root-soil mixtures in trap cultures revealed nine species and three undescribed morphotypes carlier not found in the field samples. Considering the number of records of species and morphotypes in the field samples and trap cultures, the fungal species most frequently occurring in dunes of the Vistula Bar is Scutellospora dipurpurescens, followed by Archaeospora trappei, Glomus laccatum, and Scu. armeniaca. The overall average spore abundance in the field samples is low (4.48, range O-3l in 100g dry soil). The ovcrall average species richness determined based on spores from both the field and trap cultures was 2 l and ranged from 0 lo 7 in 100g dry soil. The plant harbouring the highest number of species of AMF was Festuca rubra. Of the maritime dune sites of Poland examined to date, the species composition of AMF of the Vistula Bar is most similar to that of the Słowiński National Park. When the comparisons included 15 maritime dune areas located outside Poland, the highest similarity occurred in the Vistula Bar/Canada comparison.

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