PENGARUH KOTORAN AYAM DAN MIKORIZA Glomus aggregatum TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KEDELAI (Glycine max) PADA TANAH GAMBUT

Peat soil in West Kalimantan has been contained low of nutrient level so it affects the growth of soybeans. One effort to increase the availability of nutrients in peat soils is by using mycorrhiza and chicken manure fertilizer. This research aims to determine the growth of soybeans by administering chicken manure and mycorrhiza on peat soils. The research was conducted from January to April 2019. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design Factorial consisting of 2 factors with 4 replications. The first factor is mycorrhiza fungi: M1 (0 gr/polybag), M2 (5 gr/polybag), M3 (10 gr/polybag), M4 (15 gr/polybag) and the second factor is chicken manure fertilizer: P1 (0 tons/ha) , P2 (5 tons/ha), P3 (10 tons/ha), P4 (15 tons/ha). The results showed that the single chicken manure application significantly affected all observed parameters with 15 tons/ha chicken manure fertilizer. Mycorrhiza fungi just a significantly effect on fresh weight and dry weight. Also, the combination of mycorrhiza fungi and chicken manure fertilizer just a significantly affected wet weight and dry weight with combination 5 g mycorrhiza and 5 tons/ha of chicken manure fertilizer.

Produksi Inokulum Vesikular Arbuskular Mikoriza pada Inang Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench dengan Variasi Jenis Inokulum dan Pupuk NPK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kombinasi antara jenis inokulum Vesikular Arbuskular Mikoriza (VAM), kandungan NPK, dan umur tanaman yang paling efektif dalam produksi inokulum. Tanaman inang menggunakan Sorghum bicolor yang merupakan anggota dari famili Poaceae yang memiliki sistem perakaran yang luas, jumlah akar banyak, dan tumbuh dengan cepat sehingga berpotensi sebagai inang VAM yang kompatibel. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan faktorial 2x2x2 meliputi jenis mikoriza yang digunakan yaitu Glomus aggregatum (G) dan campuran Glomus aggregatum dan Gigaspora margarita (C). Konsentrasi NPK, yaitu NPK grower 15-9-20 (P9) dan Growmore 20-20-20 (P20). Umur tanaman 6 minggu dan 9 minggu. Parameter pertumbuhan yang diukur meliputi tinggi tanaman, berat kering batang dan akar, persen kolonisasi dan jumlah spora VAM. Berdasarkan penelitian didapatkan hasil, tanaman dengan inokulum campuran VAM dengan P20 menghasilkan tinggi tanaman dan berat kering batang dan akar tertinggi. Inokulum campuran mempunyai persen kolonisasi dengan nilai yang paling tinggi, sedangkan inokulum tunggal (Glomus aggregatum) dengan P rendah menghasilkan produksi spora paling tinggi. Inokulum campuran VAM dan P9 lebih baik dalam produksi inokulum, baik berupa akar terkolonisasi maupun spora.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza of plants from the Mountain Botanical Garden in Zakopane

The mycorrhizal status of 77 plant species collected from the Mountain Botanical Garden of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Zakopane (southern Poland) was surveyed. These plants include rare, endemic and threatened species in the Tatra Mts. (the Western Carpathians) and are maintained in the botanical garden in order to develop effective methods of protection and cultivation. Plants belonging to <i>Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Juncaceae, Polygonaceae, Rubiaceae</i> and <i>Woodsiaceae</i> families were nonmycorrhizal. 41 species formed AM symbiosis. Spores of nine AMF spccies (<i>Glomeromycota</i>), including <i>Archaeospora trappei, Glomus aggregatum, G. claroideum, G. constrictum, G. deserticola, G. geosponrum, G. microcarpum, G. mosseae</i> and <i>G.rubiforme</i> were isolated for the first time from this region of Poland. In addition, the occurrence of the fine endophyte, <i>G. tenue</i> was detected in roots of 18 species from the study area, although formation of arbuscules by this fungus was observed rarely. AM fungi were sporadically accompanied by dark septate endophytes (DSE). 70% of nonmycorrhizal plant sepcies were devoid of DSE.

Succession of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a deflation hollow of the Słowiński National Park, Poland

In the years 1994-1995, the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) in eight successional stages of vegetation of a deflation hollow no. 12 of the Łeba Bar, Poland, was investigated. Early successional stages were colonized by members of the families Gramineae and Juncaceae, being gradually replaced by ericaceous plants in the middle and later stages and by trees in the most advanced stage corresponding to the <em>Empetro nigri-Pinetum</em> plant association. From the 96 soil samples collected, 21 species in three genera of AMF were recovered. The fungi most frequently found were members of the genus <em>Acaulospora</em>. The overall spore abundance, the species_ richness of AMF and the level of AM colonisation increased from stage 1 to reach a maximum in the middle stages and then gradually declined, being lowest in the forested stage 8. The values of the overall spore abundance and those of the abundances of the most frequently occurring AMF species strongly evidenced functioning in nature of the process of host-dependent differentiation of AMF communities. Of the five most numerously represented AMF species, the early colonizer and quickly diminishing in later successional stages was <em>Glomus</em> 107. The mid-late successor was <em>A. koskei</em>, and the latest - <em>Glomus aggregatum</em>. All measures of AMF presence negatively correlated with the content of organic C in the soil and most of them were negatively correlated with soil N-NO3 and P concentrations. In contrast, the occurrence of AMY and AM generally was positively correlated with soil pH and the K content of the soil.

Effects of elevated substrate–ethylene on colonization of leek (Allium porrum) by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus aggregatum

There are very few studies of hormonal regulation of arbuscular mycorrhiza formation that include the gaseous hormone ethylene. Ethylene is considered inhibitory to the formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae; however, very low concentrations may promote their formation. We used an improved method of exogenous ethylene application to determine whether ethylene concentration dependent changes in colonization occur in the leek (Allium porrum L. cv. Giant Musselburgh) – Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Smith emend. Koske system. This improved method allowed for a continuous flow of constant concentration of the gas to be applied to a substrate. The 0.6 µL/L substrate–ethylene treatment reduced both root and leaf length and resulted in significantly lower arbuscular colonization compared with controls, whereas the 0.3 µL/L treatment reduced root length only and did not significantly affect colonization levels. Despite continuous application of exogenous ethylene, the amount of ethylene detected in inoculated substrates was reduced to near zero 20 days after inoculation. This decrease may be either due to an increased capacity for ethylene oxidation by arbuscular mycorrhizal roots or because arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (or other microbes in the pot-cultured inoculum) are capable of metabolizing ethylene. The present study highlights the need for investigations into arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal physiology and the mechanisms by which ethylene regulates arbuscular mycorrhiza formation.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, colonization, exogenous ethylene, monocot.

Influência da colonização micorrízica arbuscular sobre a nutrição do quiabeiro

Foram estudados em casa de vegetação alguns parâmetros de crescimento em plantas de quiabo (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench cv. Piranema) colonizadas por dois grupos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, com o objetivo de determinar a influência dos inóculos na nutrição e morfologia radicular do quiabeiro. Um grupo continha apenas esporos de Acaulospora longula (A) enquanto o outro, esporos de oito espécies: Glomus occultum, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus microcarpum, Acaulospora longula, Acaulospora morrowae, Sclerocystis coremioides, Sclerocystis sinuosa, Scutellospora pellucida. As plantas foram submetidas a três níveis de P (0, 10 e 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e coletadas em três diferentes idades (22, 32 e 47 dias), com quatro repetições para cada tratamento. Foi determinado o acúmulo de N, P, K, e Mg na raiz e parte aérea, bem como o influxo médio desses elementos e a área radicular. Os resultados indicaram, além da resposta positiva do quiabeiro ao P, uma maior eficiência da inoculação com mistura de espécies apesar de o influxo médio, determinado aos 47 dias, apresentar maiores valores para o tratamento com A. longula.