Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares influenciam o desempenho hortícola de cultivares de morangueiro

The inoculation of strawberry cultivars with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a profitable and viable biotechnological tool, with potential to improve the horticultural performance of plants. However, this biotechnology is lacking and unknown to producers. The aim of the research was to investigate whether strawberry cultivars in the absence and presence of inoculation with AMF differ in their horticultural performance. The treatments, delineated in a bifactorial scheme, were four strawberry cultivars in the absence and presence of two AMF-based inoculants. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, with three replications. The root system of ‘Albion’ cultivar showed the highest mycorrhizal colonization. Claroideoglomus etunicatum showed greater capacity to infect plant roots. ‘Portola’ was the most productive cultivar and ‘Albion’ and ‘Aromas’ produced strawberries with the highest levels of total anthocyanins. It is concluded that the use of mycorrhizal biotechnology enhances the levels of total flavonoids in fruits of the ‘Albion’ cultivar inoculated with the fungal species C. etunicatum. The root system of ‘Albion’ cultivar has greater mycorrhizal colonization. The fungal species C. etunicatum is more effective in colonizing the roots of the plant host. It is suggested to use the ‘Portola’ cultivar to obtain higher fruit yields and the ‘Albion’ and ‘Aromas’ cultivars for producers who aim to obtain strawberries with higher levels of total anthocyanins. ‘Aromas’ is recommended for those seeking a dual purpose (production and quality).

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Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Cocolonizing on a Single Plant Root System Recruit Distinct Microbiomes

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00929-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. e00929-20

Author(s):

Jiachao Zhou ◽

Xiaofen Chai ◽

Lin Zhang ◽

Timothy S. George ◽

Fei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Root System ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Plant Roots ◽

Content Type ◽

Single Root ◽

Am Fungus ◽

And Function

ABSTRACTPlant roots are usually colonized by various arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species, which vary in morphological, physiological, and genetic traits. This colonization constitutes the mycorrhizal nutrient uptake pathway (MP) and supplements the pathway through roots. Simultaneously, the extraradical hyphae of each AM fungus is associated with a community of bacteria. However, whether the community structure and function of the microbiome on the extraradical hyphae differ between AM fungal species remains unknown. In order to understand the community structure and the predicted functions of the microbiome associated with different AM fungal species, a split-root compartmented rhizobox cultivation system, which allowed us to inoculate two AM fungal species separately in two root compartments, was used. We inoculated two separate AM fungal species combinations, (i) Funneliformis mosseae and Gigaspora margarita and (ii) Rhizophagus intraradices and G. margarita, on a single root system of cotton. The hyphal exudate-fed, active microbiome was measured by combining 13C-DNA stable isotope probing with MiSeq sequencing. We found that different AM fungal species, which were simultaneously colonizing a single root system, hosted active microbiomes that were distinct from one another. Moreover, the predicted potential functions of the different microbiomes were distinct. We conclude that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal component of the system is responsible for the recruitment of distinct microbiomes in the hyphosphere. The potential significance of the predicted functions of the microbial ecosystem services is discussed.IMPORTANCE Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form tight symbiotic relationships with the majority of terrestrial plants and play critical roles in plant P acquisition, adding a further dimension of complexity. The plant-AM fungus-bacterium system is considered a continuum, with the bacteria colonizing not only the plant roots, but also the associated mycorrhizal hyphal network, known as the hyphosphere microbiome. Plant roots are usually colonized by different AM fungal species which form an independent phosphorus uptake pathway from the root pathway, i.e., the mycorrhizal pathway. The community structure and function of the hyphosphere microbiome of different AM species are completely unknown. In this novel study, we found that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cocolonizing on single plant roots recruit their own specific microbiomes, which should be considered in evaluating plant microbiome form and function. Our findings demonstrate the importance of understanding trophic interactions in order to gain insight into the plant-AM fungus-bacterium symbiosis.

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Coexistence of genetically different Rhizophagus irregularis isolates induces genes involved in a putative fungal mating response

The ISME Journal ◽

10.1038/s41396-020-0694-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2381-2394

Author(s):

Ivan D. Mateus ◽

Edward C. Rojas ◽

Romain Savary ◽

Cindy Dupuis ◽

Frédéric G. Masclaux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽

In Planta ◽

Host Genotype ◽

Plant Host ◽

Mating Response ◽

Ecological Importance ◽

Mat Locus

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are of great ecological importance because of their effects on plant growth. Closely related genotypes of the same AMF species coexist in plant roots. However, almost nothing is known about the molecular interactions occurring during such coexistence. We compared in planta AMF gene transcription in single and coinoculation treatments with two genetically different isolates of Rhizophagus irregularis in symbiosis independently on three genetically different cassava genotypes. Remarkably few genes were specifically upregulated when the two fungi coexisted. Strikingly, almost all of the genes with an identifiable putative function were known to be involved in mating in other fungal species. Several genes were consistent across host plant genotypes but more upregulated genes involved in putative mating were observed in host genotype (COL2215) compared with the two other host genotypes. The AMF genes that we observed to be specifically upregulated during coexistence were either involved in the mating pheromone response, in meiosis, sexual sporulation or were homologs of MAT-locus genes known in other fungal species. We did not observe the upregulation of the expected homeodomain genes contained in a putative AMF MAT-locus, but observed upregulation of HMG-box genes similar to those known to be involved in mating in Mucoromycotina species. Finally, we demonstrated that coexistence between the two fungal genotypes in the coinoculation treatments explained the number of putative mating response genes activated in the different plant host genotypes. This study demonstrates experimentally the activation of genes involved in a putative mating response and represents an important step towards the understanding of coexistence and sexual reproduction in these important plant symbionts.

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Co-Colonizing on A Single Plant Root System Recruit Distinct Microbiomes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-73473/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jiachao Zhou ◽

Xiaofen Chai ◽

Lin Zhang ◽

Timothy S George ◽

Gu Feng

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root System ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Stable Isotope Probing ◽

Genetic Traits ◽

Single Root ◽

Extraradical Hyphae

Abstract Background: Plant roots are usually colonized by various arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species which vary in morphological, physiological and genetic traits and constitute the mycorrhizal nutrient uptake pathway (MP) in addition to roots. Simultaneously, the extraradical hyphae of each AM fungus is associated with a community of bacteria. However, whether the community structure and function of microbiome on the extraradical hyphae would differ between the AM fungal species are mostly unknown. Methods: In order to understand the community structure and the predicted functions of the microbiome associated with different AM fungal species, a split-root compartmented rhizobox culturing system, which allowed us to inoculate two AM fungal species separately in two root compartments was used. We inoculated two separate AM fungal species combinations, Funneliformis mosseae ( F.m ) and Gigaspora margarita ( G.m ), Rhizophagus intraradices ( R.i ) and G. margarita, on a single root system of cotton . The hyphal exudate fed active microbiome was measured by combining 13 C-DNA stable isotope probing with Miseq sequencing. Results: We found different AM fungal species, that were simultaneously colonizing on a single root system, hosted distinct active microbiomes from one another. Moreover, the predicted potential functions of the different microbiomes were distinct. Conclusion: We conclude that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi component of the system is responsible for the recruitment distinct microbiomes in the hyphosphere. The potential significance of the predicted functions of the microbiome ecosystem services is discussed.

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The Effects of Cultivar on the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiosis in Strawberries

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.824f ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 824F-825 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marjorie E. Ross* ◽

Emily E. Hoover

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Nutrient Analysis ◽

Leaf Analysis ◽

Strawberry Cultivars

Cultivar may cause variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization levels leading to differences in shoot growth and runner formation, and in pathogen control in strawberries. However, a clear consensus has not been reached regarding the degree to which cultivar affects the formation of the symbiosis or its functioning. The study was conducted on four commercial strawberry farms in Minnesota and Wisconsin to compare, within a farm, mycorrhizal colonization and plant response among three strawberry cultivars: `Winona', `Anapolis' and `Jewel'. At each farm, two 6 × 6 meter plots of each cultivar were randomly selected. On each of three sampling dates, 4 whole plants and soil samples were collected from these plots in the 2003 field season. Roots were separated from shoots and leaves, and fresh and dry weights were taken. Leaves and soil were dried, weighed, and submitted for nutrient analysis. Soil nutrient analyses include phosphorus (Bray P), potassium, pH, buffer pH and organic matter. Leaf tissue analyses include P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, AL Fe, MN Zn, Cu, B, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd. Roots were collected, frozen, and prepared for scoring using methods adapted from Koske and Gemma (1989). Presence of mycorrhizal colonization is being scored using the methods of McGongle et al. (1990). Levels of mycorrhizal colonization among different strawberry cultivars will be compared. We will also use biomass measurements, to determine mycorrhizal effects on plant growth among different cultivars. Soil and leaf analysis data will be used to determine effects of AMF on plant nutrition and compare effects among cultivars.

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Inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis modulates the relationship between root growth and nutrient content in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.)

10.1101/695411 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

M. Rosario Ramírez-Flores ◽

Elohim Bello-Bello ◽

Rubén Rellán-Álvarez ◽

Ruairidh J. H. Sawers ◽

Víctor Olalde-Portugal

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Growth ◽

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Root System ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Root Systems ◽

Plant Host ◽

Mycorrhizal Plants ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTPlant root systems play an essential role in nutrient and water acquisition. In resource-limited soils, modification of root system architecture is an important strategy to optimize plant performance. Most terrestrial plants also form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to maximize nutrient uptake. In addition to direct delivery of nutrients, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefit the plant host by promoting root growth. Here, we aimed to quantify the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on root growth and nutrient uptake in maize. Inoculated plants showed an increase in both biomass and the total content of twenty quantified elements. In addition, image analysis showed mycorrhizal plants to have denser, more branched root systems. For most of the quantified elements, the increase in content in mycorrhizal plants was proportional to root and overall plant growth. However, the increase in boron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur and strontium was greater than predicted by root system size alone, indicating fungal delivery to be supplementing root uptake.

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Effect of soil moisture and temperature during fallow on survival of contrasting isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Botany ◽

10.1139/b08-077 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 86 (10) ◽

pp. 1117-1124 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Y. Lekberg ◽

R. T. Koide

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Moist Soil ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Freeze Thaw ◽

Bait Plants ◽

Soil Hyphae ◽

Semi Arid

Many arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species have worldwide distributions. However, it is not clear whether such species have adapted to local conditions. We compared the responses of mesic temperate and semi-arid tropical isolates of Glomus mosseae and Glomus etunicatum to extremes of temperature and moisture in a pot experiment. Treatments (warm–moist, warm–dry, freeze/thaw–moist, freeze/thaw–dry) were applied to whole soil mycorrhizal inoculum, and their effects were evaluated as both the change in viability of extraradical hyphae and mycorrhizal colonization of bait plants. Moist soil decreased hyphal viability compared with dry soil, irrespective of temperature, but mycorrhizal colonization of bait plants was lower in moist soil only when warm. Frost-heave could have physically ruptured hyphae in the freezing–moist soil without an effect on spores, but parasitism and (or) respiratory depletion of carbon reserves may have reduced survival of all propagules in the warm–moist soil. Hyphae of semi-arid tropical isolates survived all treatments better than hyphae of mesic temperate isolates, but these differences were not reflected in mycorrhizal colonization of bait plants. We found no evidence that these isolates have adapted to local conditions of moisture and temperature. Instead, wide environmental tolerances seem to be present within both populations of these AM fungal species.

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The root-fungus interplay in foraging for heterogeneous sources

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7796 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pavlína Stiblíková ◽

Martin Weiser ◽

Jan Jansa

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Experimental Approach ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Terrestrial Plants ◽

Root Foraging ◽

Heterogeneous Soil ◽

First Results

The distribution of nutrients in the soil is very heterogeneous at different scales relevant to plant roots, and plants respond to this heterogeneity by the architecture of the root system. The ability to form the root system in terms of the most effective nutrient uptake differs among species. Moreover, over 70% of terrestrial plants create arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, which helps them to acquire nutrients from the soil. It has been shown that plants with mycorrhizal symbiosis acquire nutrients from heterogeneous soil differently than plants without mycorrhizal fungi. Our study aims to estimate the link between the root and fungal foraging for heterogeneous sources using an experimental approach. We show the root foraging precision of nine plant species together with three fungal species in the heterogeneous soil environment. The first results suggest that root foraging is not affected by the presence of mycorrhizal fungi and that fungal foraging may form in the opposite direction than root foraging.

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Performance of the root system of tomato plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and submitted to the grafting technique

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v11i.3426 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. e3426

Author(s):

José Luís Trevizan Chiomento ◽

Valéria Lúcia Faotto Cavali ◽

Rosiani Castoldi da Costa ◽

Thomas Dos Santos Trentin ◽

Alexandre Augusto Nienow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root System ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Rhizophagus Clarus ◽

Grafting Technique ◽

Combined Use

Information about the combined use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in grafted horticultural crops are scarce, as is the case of tomato. Therefore, we investigated if the association between AMF and the grafting technique modifies the performance of the root system of tomato plants grown on substrate. The treatments, outlined in a two-factorial scheme, were absence of inoculation and two inoculants of AMF (Rhizophagus clarus and mycorrhizal community) inserted in grafted and non-grafted tomato plants. The experiment was designed entirely at random, with five replications. The evaluations in the root system of the plants were carried out at 30 and 120 days after transplantation (DAT). Grafted plants evaluated at 30 DAT showed greater mycorrhizal colonization when cultivated with R. clarus. However, in the 120 DAT evaluation, the greatest mycorrhizal colonization was observed in non-grafted plants produced with the mycorrhizal community. At 120 DAT, the plants produced with the mycorrhizal community showed a more developed root system in relation to non-mycorrhized plants. The root system of plants non-grafted at 120 DAT was more robust when compared to grafted plants. In conclusion, the AMF-grafting interface interferes in the mycorrhizal colonization of the root system of tomato plants. The grafting technique does not improve the development of the root system. The inoculation of tomato plants with the mycorrhizal community enhances the development of roots at 120 DAT.

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Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Cocolonizing on a Single Plant Root System Recruit Distinct Microbiomes

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9524 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jiachao Zhou ◽

Xiaofen Chai ◽

Lin Zhang ◽

Timothy George ◽

Fei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Plant Roots ◽

Single Plant ◽

Single Root ◽

Extraradical Hyphae ◽

Am Fungus ◽

And Function

Plant roots are usually colonized by various arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species, which vary in morphological, physiological, and genetic traits. This colonization constitutes the mycorrhizal nutrient uptake pathway (MP) and supplements the pathway through roots. Simultaneously, the extraradical hyphae of each AM fungus is associated with a community of bacteria. However, whether the community structure and function of the microbiome on the extraradical hyphae differ between AM fungal species remains unknown. In order to understand the community structure and the predicted functions of the microbiome associated with different AM fungal species, a splitroot compartmented rhizobox cultivation system, which allowed us to inoculate two AM fungal species separately in two root compartments, was used. We inoculated two separate AM fungal species combinations, (i) Funneliformis mosseae and Gigaspora margarita and (ii) Rhizophagus intraradices and G. margarita, on a single root system of cotton. The hyphal exudate-fed, active microbiome was measured by combining 13C-DNA stable isotope probing with MiSeq sequencing. We found that different AM fungal species, which were simultaneously colonizing a single root system, hosted active microbiomes that were distinct from one another. Moreover, the predicted potential functions of the different microbiomes were distinct. We conclude that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal component of the system is responsible for the recruitment of distinct microbiomes in the hyphosphere. We found that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cocolonizing on single plant roots recruit their own specific microbiomes, which should be considered in evaluating plant microbiome form and function. Our findings demonstrate the importance of understanding trophic interactions in order to gain insight into the plant-AM fungus-bacterium symbiosis

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Occurrence of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Alberta, Canada

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1993-11-1216 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 48 (11-12) ◽

pp. 923-929 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. M. Boyetchko ◽

J. P. Tewari

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Glomus Aggregatum ◽

X Ray ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Spore Walls ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract Three V A mycorrhizal fungal species were isolated from soils in Alberta, Canada and examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Mature spores of Glomus aggregatum developed an outer hyaline wall which contained lower levels of calcium than the middle wall. Examination of G. pansihalos spores revealed a lower level of calcium in the outer evanescent wall as compared to the ornamented wall. When spores of Entrophospora infrequens were examined, the wall of the vesicle was found to contain similar levels of calcium as the ornamented wall of the spore. The significance of the results concerning the presence of calcium in mycorrhizal spore walls is discussed, as is the occurrence of the mycorrhizal species.

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