scholarly journals Submucosal gland neoplasms of the esophagus: an update and review

Esophagus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-384
Author(s):  
Ling Nie ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Liyan Xue ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Yonghua Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Submucosal Gland ◽  
Adenoid Cystic ◽  
Submucosal Glands ◽  
Human Esophagus ◽  
Upper Third ◽  
Gene Alterations

Abstract Submucosal glands (SMGs) present throughout human esophagus with clusters at either the upper third or lower third of the organ. SMGs tend to atrophy with age, and neoplasms arising in these glands are rare. In order to bring convenience to diagnosis, we summarize the histopathologic characteristics of all esophageal submucosal gland tumors (SGTs). Due to the morphological similarity, the nomenclature of salivary tumors is adopted for SGTs. However, there is great confusion about the definition and histogenesis of these tumors, especially the malignant subtypes. In the literature, esophageal mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma usually adjoin the surface squamous epithelium and coexist with intraepithelial neoplasia or invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In addition, the typical gene alterations of salivary tumors have not been reported in these SGTs. Therefore, we propose to apply stringent diagnostic criteria to esophageal SGTs so as to exclude mimickers that are SCCs with various degree of SMG differentiation.

scholarly journals Ductular and proliferative response of esophageal submucosal glands in a porcine model of esophageal injury and repair

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (3) ◽  
pp. G180-G191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandi Krüger ◽  
Liara M. Gonzalez ◽  
Tiffany A. Pridgen ◽  
Shannon J. McCall ◽  
Richard J. von Furstenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Mucosal Injury ◽  
Esophageal Injury ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Submucosal Glands ◽  
Human Esophagus ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
Temporal Assessment

Esophageal injury is a risk factor for diseases such as Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma. To improve understanding of signaling pathways associated with both normal and abnormal repair, animal models are needed. Traditional rodent models of esophageal repair are limited by the absence of esophageal submucosal glands (ESMGs), which are present in the human esophagus. Previously, we identified acinar ductal metaplasia in human ESMGs in association with both esophageal injury and cancer. In addition, the SOX9 transcription factor has been associated with generation of columnar epithelium and the pathogenesis of BE and is present in ESMGs. To test our hypothesis that ESMGs activate after esophageal injury with an increase in proliferation, generation of a ductal phenotype, and expression of SOX9, we developed a porcine model of esophageal injury and repair using radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The porcine esophagus contains ESMGs, and RFA produces a consistent and reproducible mucosal injury in the esophagus. Here we present a temporal assessment of this model of esophageal repair. Porcine esophagus was evaluated at 0, 6, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h and 5 and 7 days following RFA and compared with control uninjured esophagus. Following RFA, ESMGs demonstrated an increase in ductal phenotype, echoing our prior studies in humans. Proliferation increased in both squamous epithelium and ESMGs postinjury with a prominent population of SOX9-positive cells in ESMGs postinjury. This model promises to be useful in future experiments evaluating mechanisms of esophageal repair. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel porcine model of injury and repair using radiofrequency ablation has been developed, allowing for reproducible injury to the esophagus to study repair in an animal model with esophageal submucosal glands, a key anatomical feature and missing in rodent models but possibly harboring progenitor cells. There is a strong translational component to this porcine model given the anatomical and physiological similarities between pigs and humans.

CFTR involvement in chloride, bicarbonate, and liquid secretion by airway submucosal glands

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (4) ◽  
pp. L694-L699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen T. Ballard ◽  
Laura Trout ◽  
Zsuzsa Bebök ◽  
E. J. Sorscher ◽  
Angela Crews
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ◽  
Submucosal Gland ◽  
Transmembrane Conductance ◽  
Active Secretion ◽  
Submucosal Glands ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane

Previous studies demonstrated that ACh-induced liquid secretion by porcine bronchi is driven by active Cl− and H[Formula: see text] secretion. The present study was undertaken to determine whether this process was localized to submucosal glands and mediated by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). When excised, cannulated, and treated with ACh, porcine bronchi secreted 15.6 ± 0.6 μl ⋅ cm−2 ⋅ h−1. Removal of the surface epithelium did not significantly affect the rate of secretion, indicating that the source of the liquid was the submucosal glands. Pretreatment with diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, a relatively nonselective Cl−-channel blocker, significantly reduced liquid secretion by 86%, whereas pretreatment with DIDS, which inhibits a variety of Cl− channels but not CFTR, had no effect. When bronchi were pretreated with glibenclamide or 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (both inhibitors of CFTR), the rate of ACh-induced liquid secretion was significantly reduced by 39 and 91%, respectively, compared with controls. Agents that blocked liquid secretion also caused disproportionate reductions in H[Formula: see text] secretion. Polyclonal antibodies to the CFTR bound preferentially to submucosal gland ducts and the surface epithelium, suggesting that this channel was localized to these sites. These data suggest that ACh-induced gland liquid secretion by porcine bronchi is driven by active secretion of both Cl− and H[Formula: see text] and is mediated by the CFTR.

Muscarinic receptor subtypes in feline tracheal submucosal gland secretion

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (2) ◽  
pp. L223-L228 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ishihara ◽  
S. Shimura ◽  
M. Satoh ◽  
T. Masuda ◽  
H. Nonaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscarinic Receptor ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Submucosal Gland ◽  
Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Binding Assays ◽  
Submucosal Glands ◽  
Electrolyte Secretion ◽  
Quinuclidinyl Benzilate

To determine what muscarinic receptor subtype regulates [Ca2+]i mediating airway submucosal gland secretion, we examined the effects of atropine (Atr), pirenzepine (PZ), 11([2-(diethylamino)methyl-1-piperidinyl] acetyl)-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido (2,3-b)(1,4)-benzo-diazepin-6-one (AF-DX116) and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) on methacholine (MCh)-evoked [Ca2+]i rise in acinar cells, and compared this with mucus glycoprotein (MGP) and electrolyte secretion evoked by MCh from submucosal glands isolated from feline trachea. [Ca2+]i was measured with the Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent dye, fura 2. We determined MGP secretion by measuring TCA-precipitable 3H-labeled glycoconjugates and electrolyte secretion by the change in the rate constant of 22Na-efflux from isolated glands. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of PZ, AF-DX116, 4-DAMP, and Atr against MCh-evoked [Ca2+]i rise were 10(-7) M, 6 x 10(-6) M, 8 x 10(-9) M, and 6 x 10(-9) M, respectively. IC50 of PZ, AF-DX116, 4-DAMP, and Atr against MCh-evoked MGP secretion were 10(-6) M, 2 x 10(-5) M, 8 x 10(-9) M, and 6 x 10(-9) M, respectively. MCh (10(-5) M)-evoked 22Na efflux was significantly inhibited by 10(-7) M 4-DAMP and 10(-7) M Atr (P less than 0.01, each) but not by 10(-7) M PZ. Receptor binding assays with [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate showed that the Ki values for PZ, AF-D x 116, 4-DAMP and Atr were 2.2 x 10(-8) M, 6.6 x 10(-7) M, 6.2 x 10(-10) M, and 2.9 x 10(-10) M, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of anion transport inhibition on mucus secretion by airway submucosal glands

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (2) ◽  
pp. L372-L377 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Inglis ◽  
M. R. Corboz ◽  
A. E. Taylor ◽  
S. T. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Anion Transport ◽  
Mucus Secretion ◽  
Disulfonic Acid ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Submucosal Gland ◽  
Anion Secretion ◽  
Submucosal Glands ◽  
Gland Duct

To model the airway glandular defect in cystic fibrosis (CF), the effect of anion secretion blockers on submucosal gland mucus secretion was investigated. Porcine distal bronchi were isolated, pretreated with a Cl- secretion blocker (bumetanide) and/or a combination of blockers to inhibit HCO3- secretion (dimethylamiloride, acetazolamide, and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), and then treated with acetylcholine (ACh), a glandular liquid and mucus secretagogue. Bronchi were then fixed, sectioned, and stained for mucins. Each gland duct was ranked for mucin content from zero (no mucin) to five (duct completely occluded with mucin). Untreated bronchi, bronchi treated only with ACh, and ACh-treated bronchi that received either bumetanide or the HCO3- secretion blockers all exhibited low gland duct mucin content (1.18 +/- 0.34, 0.59 +/- 0.07, 0.65 +/- 0.03, and 0.83 +/- 0.11, respectively). However, pretreatment with both Cl- and HCO3- secretion blockers before ACh addition resulted in substantial and significant ductal mucus accumulation (3.57 +/- 0.22). In situ videomicroscopy studies of intact airways confirmed these results. Thus inhibition of the anion (and presumably liquid) secretion response to ACh leads to mucus obstruction of submucosal gland ducts that resembles the early pathological changes observed in CF.

Transport of albumin by the rabbit trachea in vitro

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 726-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Price ◽  
S. E. Webber ◽  
J. G. Widdicombe
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Sodium Cyanide ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Submucosal Gland ◽  
Cell Secretion ◽  
Mucosal Transport ◽  
Submucosal Glands ◽  
Serous Cell ◽  
Fluorescent Dextran

The rabbit whole trachea was mounted in vitro in an organ bath containing Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution. When the trachea was air filled there was no resting secretion and none was induced by methacholine (0.02 mM). Histology showed that the trachea has very few submucosal glands. When the trachea was filled with KH, with fluorescent bovine serum albumin in the surrounding KH solution, the rate of transport of albumin into the lumen was measured. Methacholine (0.02 mM) and phenylephrine (0.1 mM) more than doubled the output of albumin, and albuterol (0.1 mM) increased it more than fourfold. Cooling the preparation to 4 degrees C decreased the spontaneous output of albumin to less than one-half control and abolished the increase in output due to albuterol. Addition of sodium cyanide (1 mM) to the preparation abolished the increase in albumin transport due to albuterol. Serosal-to-mucosal transport of fluorescent dextran (mol wt 70,000) was less than one-third that of albumin and was not enhanced by methacholine, phenylephrine, or albuterol. Lysozyme output, an index of serous cell secretion, was barely detectable in controls and was not enhanced by any of the drugs. We conclude that the rabbit trachea has no measurable submucosal gland secretion and that it can actively transport albumin into the lumen via the epithelium. The transport rate is enhanced by methacholine, phenylephrine, and especially by albuterol.

Altered expression and function of E-cadherin in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma

1995 ◽  
Vol 176 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina J. Vessey ◽  
Jonathan Wilding ◽  
Najeem Folarin ◽  
Shinji Hirano ◽  
Masatoshi Takeichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
And Function ◽  
E Cadherin

Hypoxemia reflexly increases secretion from tracheal submucosal glands in dogs

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1416-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Davis ◽  
R. Chinn ◽  
J. Gold ◽  
D. Popovac ◽  
J. G. Widdicombe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Submucosal Gland ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
Submucosal Glands ◽  
Lower Trachea ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

We anesthetized dogs, ventilated their lungs via the lower trachea, and exposed the epithelial surface of the upper trachea and coated it with powdered tantalum. Secretions from submucosal gland ducts formed elevations (hillocks) in the tantalum layer; we counted the number of hillocks that appeared in a 1.2-cm2 field. In 12 dogs, during normoxemia, 12 +/- 2 hillocks/cm2 formed in 90 s; during severe hypoxemia [fractional inspired O2 concentration (FIO2) = 0.05], 40 +/- 4 hillocks/cm2 formed in 90 s. Injections of sodium cyanide (25–75 micrograms) into the arterial supply to the carotid body also stimulated tracheal submucosal gland secretion. Secretory response to hypoxemia was suppressed by 1) section of both carotid sinus body nerves in six dogs and 2) section of both superior laryngeal nerves and vagus nerves in six other dogs. During mild hypoxemia (FIO2 = 0.10 or 0.15) tracheal submucosal gland secretion still increased. We conclude that hypoxemia increases secretion from submucosal glands in canine trachea by a carotid body chemoreflex.

VIN 3: a clinicopathologic review

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 490-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Mcnally ◽  
N. J. Mulvany ◽  
R. Pagano ◽  
M. A. Quinn ◽  
R. M. Rome
Keyword(s):  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Labium Majus

A retrospective review of the management of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (VIN 3) over a 16-year period from 1981 to 1997 was conducted. Complete information was available for analysis on 101 patients. The mean age was 53.9 years (range 14–102 years). The mean duration of follow-up was 36 months (range 2–184 months). Fifty-eight percent of patients presented with pruritus. The disease was multifocal in 51% and unifocal in 49% of cases and the left labium majus was the most frequently affected site (27%). Co-existent or previous genital disease was identified in 39% of patients and 8% had a history of invasive gynecological cancer. Histologic evidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was found in 31% of patients. Wide local excision was the most frequently used treatment modality (78%). Thirty-eight percent of patients required at least one further treatment for recurrent disease. Smoking, multifocality, HPV effect, and positive surgical margins were not found to be significant predictors of recurrence. There were three (3%) cases of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, one at 6, 7, and 7 years after initial treatment.

scholarly journals Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
Rima Maharjan ◽  
BK Thapa ◽  
Neershobha Chitrakar ◽  
Jitendra Pariyar ◽  
Isha Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Adenocarcinoma In Situ ◽  
Cervical Lesions

Aims: To evaluate the treatment outcome and acceptance of LEEP in precancerous cervical lesions.Methods: This is a descriptive study performed in Gynecology Department of Civil Service Hospital, from August 2014 - December 2015 in 28 cases that underwent LEEP forCIN. LEEP was performed as day care procedure under intravenous anesthesia and patient was sent home six hours after procedure. Follow up and further treatment was done after final histopathological reports.Results: Highest percentage ofCIN, 32.14% (9) was seen among 30-39 years age with 16 (57.14%) of parity three and more. 17 (60.71%) presented clinic with symptoms (lower abdominal, backpain, pervaginal discharge) while 11 (39.28%) were diagnosed from routine Pap test. Histopathology revealed four (14.28%)CIN1, eight (28.57%)CIN2, 11(39.28%)CIN3, two adenocarcinoma in situ, one of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, chronic cervicitis and atrophic change with no dysplasia. Margins were negative (satisfactory) in 20 (71.42%) and positive in eight (28.57%) with endocervical involvement in two that required second LEEP while one underwent radical hysterectomy for final diagnosis of invasive squamous cell carcinoma.Conclusions: Hysterectomy is a radical procedure for preinvasive cervical lesions that can be treated with simple procedure like LEEP that saves time and financial resources.

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