scholarly journals Teardrops at the Lake: Chemistry of New Kingdom to Makuria Glass Beads and Pendants Between the First and Second Nile Cataracts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Then-Obłuska ◽  
Laure Dussubieux
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Glass Bead ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
High Alumina ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
New Kingdom ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Common People ◽  
Lake Chemistry

AbstractInternational expeditions extensively excavated Lower Nubia (between the First and Second Nile Cataracts) before it was submerged under the waters of Lake Nasser and Lake Nubia. The expeditions concentrated on monumental architecture and cemeteries, including sites at Qustul and Serra East, where the New Kingdom, and Napatan, Meroitic, Nobadian, and Makurian-period elites and common people were buried, ca. 1400 BC–AD 1400. Although the finds abound in adornments, including bead imports from Egypt and South India/Sri Lanka, only a few traces of local glass bead-making have been recorded in Nubia so far. Based on results of laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of 76 glass beads, pendants, and chunks from Qustul and Serra East contexts, dated between the New Kingdom and the Makuria Kingdom periods, this paper discusses the composition and provenance of two types of plant-ash soda-lime (v-Na-Ca) glass, two types of mineral soda-lime glass (m-Na-Ca), and two types of mineral-soda-high alumina (m-Na-Al) glass. It also presents the remains of a probable local glass bead-making workshop dated to the period of intensive long-distance bead trade in Northeast Africa, AD 400–600.

Asphalt-Aggregate Interactions Characterized by Zeta Potential and Retained Strength Measurements for Natural and Organosilane-Treated Aggregates

1996 ◽  
Vol 1535 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnulf P. Hagen ◽  
William D. Lee ◽  
Tisha M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Glass Bead ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Zeta Potentials ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Oklahoma Department Of Transportation

Zeta potentials in water have been measured for a poorly performing, easily stripped hard limestone, a well-performing hard limestone, a sandstone, a rhyolite, soda lime glass beads, and for eight AC-20 asphalt binders. Four of the binders selected to represent a range of zeta potentials were combined with the sandstone, the limestones, and the glass beads according to Oklahoma Department of Transportation mix formulas and tested for retained strength. The good hard limestone was the best overall performer with retained strengths of 96 to 100 percent, the poor hard limestone was acceptable, overall the sandstone was unsatisfactory; and the glass beads did not survive the retained strength preconditioning procedure. The aggregates were then treated with organosilane derivatives to chemically modify their surfaces and to change the aggregate zeta potential. For example, the zeta potential of the poor hard limestone was made to be closer to that of the good hard limestone. The modified aggregates were then used in the same mix and the retained strengths measured. The good hard limestone mix exhibited no change in retained strength; however, the poor hard limestone, the sandstone, and the glass bead mixes gave excellent retained strengths.

A fast and robust direct solid sampling method for the determination of 27 trace, main and minor elements in soda-lime glass based on ETV-ICP OES and using a gaseous halogenating modifier

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Hommel ◽  
Jürgen Hassler ◽  
Ralf Matschat ◽  
Thomas Vogt ◽  
Albena Kirilova Detcheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Solid Sampling ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Direct Solid ◽  
Direct Solid Sampling

A method, based on electrothermal vaporization (ETV) coupled to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), has been optimized for direct solid sampling analysis of soda-lime glass—the most common...

scholarly journals Compositional and provenance study of glass beads from archaeological sites in Mali and Senegal at the time of the first Sahelian states

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0242027
Author(s):  
Miriam Truffa Giachet ◽  
Bernard Gratuze ◽  
Anne Mayor ◽  
Eric Huysecom
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
West African ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Settlement Site ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Rural Sites

The presence of glass beads in West African archaeological sites provides important evidence of long-distance trade between this part of the continent and the rest of the world. Until recently, most of these items came from historical Sub-Saharan urban centers, well known for their role in the medieval trans-Saharan trade. We present here the chemical analysis by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of 16 glass beads found in three rural sites excavated during the past decade: the funerary site of Dourou-Boro and settlement sites of Sadia, in central Mali, as well as the settlement site of Djoutoubaya, in eastern Senegal, in contexts dated between the 7th-9th and the 11th-13th centuries CE. Results show that the raw materials used to manufacture the majority of the glass most probably originated in Egypt, the Levantine coast and the Middle East. One bead is of uncertain provenance and shows similarities with glass found in the Iberian Peninsula and in South Africa. One bead fragment found inside a tomb is a modern production, probably linked to recent plundering. All of these ancient beads were exchanged along the trans-Saharan trade routes active during the rise of the first Sahelian states, such as the Ghana and the Gao kingdoms, and show strong similarities with the other West African bead assemblages that have been analysed. Despite the remoteness of their location in the Dogon Country and in the Falémé River valley, the beads studied were therefore included in the long-distance trade network, via contacts with the urban commercial centers located at the edge of the Sahara along the Niger River and in current southern Mauretania. These results bring a new light on the relationships between international and regional trade in Africa and highlight the complementarity between centres of political and economic power and their peripheries, important because of resources like gold for eastern Senegal.

Glass Beads from Medieval Gao (Mali): New Analytical Data on Chronology, Sources, and Trade

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Keech McIntosh ◽  
Marilee Wood ◽  
Laure Dussubieux ◽  
Peter Robertshaw ◽  
Timothy Insoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silica Glass ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
High Alumina ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Soda Lime Silica Glass ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
Plant Ash

Abstract Excavations at several archaeological sites in and around Gao have resulted in the recovery of thousands of glass beads presumed to have been acquired from glass bead-producing centers through trade. The bead assemblages cover the period from the eighth to the fourteenth century CE. Here we report on the results of compositional analysis by LA-ICP-MS of 100 beads, permitting comparison with the growing corpus of chemical analyses for glass from African and Near Eastern sites. In this analysis, several compositional groupings are recognized. These include two types of plant-ash soda-lime-silica glass (v-Na-Ca), a mineral soda-lime-silica glass (m-Na-Ca), a high-lime high-alumina (HLHA) glass, a mineral soda-high alumina (m-Na-Al), glass, a plant ash soda-high alumina (v-Na-Al) glass and a high lead composition glass. The reconstruction and dating of depositional contexts suggests a shift in glass sources at the end of the tenth century CE. The issue of source identification is discussed and occurrences at other African sites are mapped, providing new data towards an understanding of trade and exchange networks.

Microwave heating of soda-lime glass by addition of iron powder

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1564-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noboru Yoshikawa ◽  
Haichuan Wang ◽  
Ken-ichi Mashiko ◽  
Shoji Taniguchi
Keyword(s):  
Iron Powder ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Glass Matrix Composites

Experimental studies were conducted to investigate the microwave (MW) heating behavior of soda-lime glass beads with added iron powder. These studies were intended to obtain fundamental knowledge for vitrification solidification and for the fabrication of metal-reinforced glass-matrix composites. The glass beads (0.2 mm diameter) did not heat very well by themselves at temperatures greater than 200 °C within 600 s in a multimode applicator at a power of 0.67 W. The addition of iron powder (average 70 μm, volume fraction 18%) made it possible to heat the glass beads above 700 °C within 60 s. At lower fractions of 3–11 vol%, however, a sudden temperature rise [thermal runaway (TRW)] occurred after the incubation time period. A single-mode MW applicator was used for clarifying the electric (E)-field and magnetic (H)-field contributions to the heating of each material and their mixtures. The results of this study demonstrated that the H-field contributed to the heating of the iron and then triggered the heating of the glass. The E-field component is necessary for heating the glass to a temperature higher than 800 °C. The factors determining the threshold values of the volume fraction causing TRW are discussed.

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