Responses of early recruitment processes with rhizome to flooding depth and salinity in Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia)

Eight resistance-gene analogs (RGAs) were isolated from wild rice, Zizania latifolia Griseb., by degenerate primers designed according to conserved motifs at or around the nucleotide-binding site (NBS) of known NBS-containing plant resistance genes. The 8 RGAs were classified into 6 distinct groups based on their deduced amino acid sequence similarity of 60% or greater. Gel-blot hybridization of each of the RGAs to 4 rice – Z. latifolia intro gression lines indicated an array of changes at either introgressed Zizania RGAs or, more likely, their rice homologs. The changes included dramatic increase in copy number, modification at the primary DNA sequence, and alteration in DNA methylation patterns.Key words: resistance gene analogs (RGAs), Zizania, introgression, nucleotide-binding site (NBS), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), genetic and epigenetic changes.

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Extraction of Proanthocyanidins from Chinese Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia) and Analyses of Structural Composition and Potential Bioactivities of Different Fractions

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24091681 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (9) ◽

pp. 1681 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mei-Jun Chu ◽

Yong-Mei Du ◽

Xin-Min Liu ◽

Ning Yan ◽

Feng-Zhong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wild Rice ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Zizania Latifolia ◽

Structural Composition ◽

Extraction And Purification ◽

Assisted Extraction

Due to the importance of proanthocyanidin bioactivity and its relationship with chemical structure, ultrasound-assisted extraction and purification schemes were proposed to evaluate the proanthocyanidin content and analyze the structural composition and potential bioactivities of different proanthocyanidin fractions from Chinese wild rice (Zizania latifolia). Following an optimized extraction procedure, the crude wild rice proanthocyanidins (WRPs) were purified using n-butanol extraction, chromatography on macroporous resins, and further fractionation on Sephadex LH-20 to yield six specific fractions (WRPs-1–WRPs-6) containing proanthocyanidin levels exceeding 524.19 ± 3.56 mg/g extract. Structurally, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and (−)-epigallocatechin were present as both terminal and extension units, and (−)-epicatechin was the major extension unit, in each fraction. This is the first preparation of WRP fractions with a different mean degree of polymerization (mDP), ranging from 2.66 ± 0.04 to 10.30 ± 0.46. A comparison of the bioactivities of these fractions revealed that fractions WRPs-1−WRPs-5 had significant DPPH radical scavenging activities, whereas fraction WRPs-6 with a high mDP showed better α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects. These findings should help define possible applications of WRPs to functional foods or nutraceuticals.

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