Growth of Leucoagaricus gongylophorus Möller (Singer) and production of key enzymes in submerged and solid-state cultures with lignocellulosic substrates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minerva E. Maya-Yescas ◽  
Sergio Revah ◽  
Sylvie Le Borgne ◽  
Jorge Valenzuela ◽  
Eduardo Palacios-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Key Enzymes ◽  
Lignocellulosic Substrates ◽  
Leucoagaricus Gongylophorus

scholarly journals Production and characterization of cellulase from mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) for effective degradation of cellulose

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Beyisa Benti Diro ◽  
Tadessa Daba ◽  
Temam Gemeda Genemo
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Lignocellulosic Substrates ◽  
Optimum Ph

Cellulases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes capable of hydrolyzing the most abundant organic polymer that means cellulose to smaller sugar components including glucose subunits. The aim of this study was to screen cellulase producing oyster mushroom collected from Eucalyptus tree bark to evaluate the in vitro production of cellulase by Pleurotus ostreatus using different lignocellulosic substrates, and to characterize the cellulase produced with respect to changes in pH, temperature, and concentration of substrates. A total of ten mushroom specimens were randomly collected from Eucalyptus tree bark in the premise of Holetta Agricultural Research Center campus. All of the collected mushroom specimens were identified morphologically and biochemically as Pleurotus ostreatus and also screened for their ability to produce cellulase by detecting and measuring zone of hydrolysis on commercial media containing Carbxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source. These mushroom specimens were cultivated using both solid state fermentation and submerged fermentation systems supplemented with different lignocellulosic substrates (wheat straw, teff straw, bean straw, wood fiber and Eucalyptus tree bark) to identify the most suitable medium for the production of cellulase. The highest enzyme production was obtained on bean straw and wheat straw which resulted in 0.191 U/ml, 0.868 U/ml and 0.389 U/ml; and 0.216 U/ml, 0.444 U/ml, and 0.245 U/ml of FPase, CMCase, and β-glucosidase in solid state fermentation. The lowest values were, however, obtained in media containing wood fiber in both solid state fermentation and submerged fermentation. Comparison of the lignocellulosic substrates revealed that wheat straw was selected for further growth parameter optimization. The production of cellulase was higher at the 5th day of incubation period, and the optimum pH and incubation temperature required for maximum cellulase production were 4 and 30°C, respectively. Sucrose and Yeast extract at 1% concentration were found to be the most preferred carbon and nitrogen sources for cellulase production by Pleurotus ostreatus. The optimum pH and temperature for cell_free cellulase activity on were found to be 4 and 50°C, respectively. Generally the cellulases produced by Pleurotus ostreatus were stable and active at temperatures ranging from 20-50°C. These characteristics hopefully would make this enzyme potentially attractive in a variety of industrial applications including animal feed treatments. There was a linear relationship between cellulase and its substrate concentration for there was an increase in activity with increase in substrate concentration. The relationship between rate of reaction and substrate concentration depended on the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. Finally the cellulase was tested for its ability to saccharify agricultural wastes and the results showed the highest release of sugars from wheat straw.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Residues by Cellulases Obtained from Solid State Fermentation UsingTrichoderma viride

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanara Sartori ◽  
Heloisa Tibolla ◽  
Elenizi Prigol ◽  
Luciane Maria Colla ◽  
Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Lignocellulosic Residues ◽  
Lignocellulosic Substrates ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Full Factorial

The aim of this study was to verify the viability of lignocellulosic substrates to obtain renewable energy source, through characterization of the cellulolytic complex, which was obtained by solid state fermentation usingTrichoderma viride. Enzymatic activity of the cellulosic complex was measured during saccharification of substrates filter paper, eucalyptus sawdust, and corncob, and compared with the activity of commercial cellulase. The characterization of the enzymes was performed by a 22Full Factorial Design, where the pH and temperature were the variables of study. Enzymatic saccharification of different substrates appearedviable until 12 to be viable until 12 h; after this period the activity decreased for both enzymatic forms (cellulolytic complex and commercial cellulase). The enzymatic activity of the commercial cellulase was favored with the use of corncob as substrate, while the cellulolytic complex does not show any difference in its specificity by the substrates studied. The largest activities of both enzymes were obtained in the temperature and pH range between 40°C and 50°C and 4.8 and 5.2, respectively. The cellulolytic complex obtained appeared to be viable for the saccharification of lignocellulosic residues compared with the commercial cellulase.

Preparation of Thin Cadmium Telluride Samples for Electron Microscope Studies

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
T. J. Magee ◽  
J. Peng ◽  
J. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Cadmium Telluride ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Optical Components ◽  
The Past ◽  
Solid State Devices

Cadmium telluride has become increasingly important in a number of technological applications, particularly in the area of laser-optical components and solid state devices, Microstructural characterizations of the material have in the past been somewhat limited because of the lack of suitable sample preparation and thinning techniques. Utilizing a modified jet thinning apparatus and a potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid thinning solution, a procedure has now been developed for obtaining thin contamination-free samples for TEM examination.

The Collagenic Molecular Structural Unit of Solid State Complexes

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 478-479
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Richter ◽  
John A. Schilling
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Structural Unit ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naoh Treatment

The structural unit of solid state collagen complexes has been reported by Porter and Vanamee via EM and by Cowan, North and Randall via x-ray diffraction to be an ellipsoidal unit of 210-270 A. length by 50-100 A. diameter. It subsequently was independently demonstrated by us in dog tendon, dermis, and induced complexes. Its detailed morphologic, dimensional and molecular weight (MW) aspects have now been determined. It is pear-shaped in long profile with m diameters of 57 and 108 A. and m length of 263 A. (Fig. 1, tendon, KMnO4 fixation, Na-tungstate; Fig. 2a, schematic of unit in long, C, and x-sectional profiles of its thin, xB, and bulbous, xA portions; Fig. 2b, tendon essentially unmodified by ether and 0.4 N NaOH treatment, Na-tungstate). The unit consists of a uniquely coild cable, c, of ṁ 22.9 A. diameter and length of 2580-3316 A. The cable consists of three 2nd-strands, s, each of m 10.6 A.

Structure-property relations of liquid crystalline polymers

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 460-463
Author(s):  
Linda C. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Crystalline Polymer ◽  
Liquid Crystalline Polymers ◽  
Mechanical Anisotropy ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Crystalline Polymers ◽  
Extended Chain

Recent liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) research has sought to define structure-property relationships of these complex new materials. The two major types of LCPs, thermotropic and lyotropic LCPs, both exhibit effects of process history on the microstructure frozen into the solid state. The high mechanical anisotropy of the molecules favors formation of complex structures. Microscopy has been used to develop an understanding of these microstructures and to describe them in a fundamental structural model. Preparation methods used include microtomy, etching, fracture and sonication for study by optical and electron microscopy techniques, which have been described for polymers. The model accounts for the macrostructures and microstructures observed in highly oriented fibers and films.Rod-like liquid crystalline polymers produce oriented materials because they have extended chain structures in the solid state. These polymers have found application as high modulus fibers and films with unique properties due to the formation of ordered solutions (lyotropic) or melts (thermotropic) which transform easily into highly oriented, extended chain structures in the solid state.

Microstructural Variations in Melt-Spun Rapidly Solidified Ribbons

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
L. A. Bendersky ◽  
W. J. Boettinger
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Heat Extraction ◽  
Solid State Reactions ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Melt Spun ◽  
Wheel Side ◽  
Rapidly Solidified ◽  
Heat Extraction Rate

Rapid solidification produces a wide variety of sub-micron scale microstructure. Generally, the microstructure depends on the imposed melt undercooling and heat extraction rate. The microstructure can vary strongly not only due to processing parameters changes but also during the process itself, as a result of recalescence. Hence, careful examination of different locations in rapidly solidified products should be performed. Additionally, post-solidification solid-state reactions can alter the microstructure.The objective of the present work is to demonstrate the strong microstructural changes in different regions of melt-spun ribbon for three different alloys. The locations of the analyzed structures were near the wheel side (W) and near the center (C) of the ribbons. The TEM specimens were prepared by selective electropolishing or ion milling.

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