Morphological differentiation in a common garden experiment among native and non-native specimens of the invasive weed yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1459-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée L. Eriksen ◽  
Theodora Desronvil ◽  
José L. Hierro ◽  
Rick Kesseli
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Common Garden Experiment ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Invasive Weed

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Infection of Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) by Synchytrium solstitiale, Causal Agent of False Rust Disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Widmer ◽  
F. Guermache
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Centaurea Calcitrapa

Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) is an annual invasive weed in the United States with Mediterranean origins. The expense of chemical control and the vast area of invasion make this weed an appropriate target for classical biological control. Observations of a field site in southern France revealed small orange galls on the leaves of yellow starthistle seedlings caused by the fungus Synchytrium solstitiale. Inoculation of yellow starthistle seedlings with a suspension of zoospores released from infected tissue resulted in infection. Ten days after inoculation, typical orange galls appeared on the exposed tissue. Preliminary host range testing showed up to 100% infection of C. solstitialis seedlings from both France and the United States and infection of Carthamus tinctorius, Centaurea americana, C. diffusa, C. rothrockii, C. squarrosa, and Helianthus annuus seedlings. No symptoms were observed on seedlings of Centaurea calcitrapa, C. maculosa, C. sulfurea, Cirsium californica, C. occidentale, Cynera cardunculus, and Taraxacum officinale. Zoospores were released in a pH range between 4.45 and 8.25 and optimally at temperatures between 5 and 15°C. Infection of yellow starthistle seedlings occurred after a minimum 1-h exposure to a zoospore suspension at 20°C.

Chaetorellia australis(Diptera: Tephritidae) for biological control of yellow starthistle,Centaurea solstitialis(Compositae), in the western USA: establishment and seed destruction

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Turner ◽  
G.L. Piper ◽  
E.M. Coombs
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Western Usa ◽  
Centaurea Cyanus ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Chaetorellia Australis

AbstractYellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialisLinnaeus) (Compositae), native to Eurasia and the Mediterranean Basin, is a spiny and poisonous, naturalized, invasive weed of grasslands and other environments in the western USA.Chaetorellia australisHering is a trivoltine natural enemy of yellow starthistle whose larvae feed on developing seeds within capitula. Following host-specificity studies in Greece and the USA,C. australiswas first introduced from Greece into the USA in 1988 for the biological control of yellow starthistle. Field samples of yellow starthistle capitula revealed that 10.3% (four years after initial release) and 18.0% (three years after initial release) of capitula at Colfax, Washington, and Merlin, Oregon, respectively, were infested by ≥ 1C. australis(mature larvae or empty puparia). Both sites also contained naturalized, weedy populations of,Centaurea cyanus, a second host-plant ofChaetorellia australis. The fly was also recovered fromCentaurea cyanuscapitula two years after its release at Kendrick, Idaho. The potential importance of the presence ofC. cyanusforChaetorellia australisand biological control of yellow starthistle is discussed. At the Colfax site, all infested yellow starthistle capitula contained 1C. australis, while at the Merlin site 28.8% of infested capitula contained > 1C. australis, with a mean of 1.36C. australisper infested capitulum. A preliminary seed destruction impact study at the Merlin site showed that there was a 83.4% reduction in seeds per capitulum infested by ≥ 1C. australis, and the presence of > 1C. australisresulted in a 95.4% reduction in seeds per infested capitulum.

A two-agent dynamic model with an invasive weed diffusion externality: An application to Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) in New Mexico

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine M. Grimsrud ◽  
Janie M. Chermak ◽  
Jason Hansen ◽  
Jennifer A. Thacher ◽  
Kate Krause
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Invasive Weed

Geographic differentiation of adaptive phenological traits of barnyardgrass populations (Echinochloa crus-galli)

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Zdenka Martinková ◽  
Alois Honěk ◽  
Stano Pekár ◽  
Leona Leisova-Svobodová
Keyword(s):  
Seed Mass ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Geographic Differentiation ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Common Garden Experiment ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Population Origin ◽  
Flow Through

Abstract In Central Europe, barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.], has been originally common in humid lowland areas. As a result of the introduction of new crops and farming practices, in the northwest Carpathians, E. crus-galli has spread from lowland (< 200 m altitude) to highland (> 400 m altitude) areas. We collected seed samples from local populations lying at a distance of approximately 5 km from each other and lined up along transects following the flows of two rivers. The rivers first flow through the valleys separated by mountain ridges and eventually flow into a common lowland. After ripening, the seeds of all populations were germinated at 25°C under long-day conditions. Only the seeds of some lowland populations germinated up to 75 percentage. The frequency of germinated seeds decreased with the altitude of population origin, and above 200 m a.s.l., germination was mostly zero. We then studied the phenological and morphological differentiation of plants from the original (lowland) and recently occupied (highland) areas. Seeds of the lowest and the highest localities lying on the transect of each river were sown in a common garden experiment. In plants from the highland localities, heading and seed dispersal were earlier, while tiller height and tiller mass were lower than in plants from the lowland localities. Seed mass produced per tiller in the lowland and highland plants was similar, and, as a result, highland plants allocated a larger proportion of body mass to seed production than did lowland plants. Echinochloa crus-galli populations from highland localities thus produce their progeny earlier and at a lower energy cost than populations from lowland localities. The plasticity of phenological characters likely facilitated adaptation during E. crus-galli spread from lowlands to highlands. Similar adaptations in plant phenology may contribute to the spread of E. crus-galli in other geographic areas.

Sex ratio and life history traits at reaching sexual maturity in the dioecious shrub Fuchsia parviflora: field and common garden experiments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Ambriz ◽  
Clementina González ◽  
Eduardo Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Common Garden Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Reproductive Biomass ◽  
Common Garden Experiments ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Abstract Fuchsia parviflora is a dioecious shrub that depends on biotic pollination for reproduction. Previous studies suggest that the male plants produce more flowers, and male-biased sex ratios have been found in some natural populations. To assess whether the biased sex ratios found between genders in natural populations are present at the point at which plants reach sexual maturity, and to identify possible trade-offs between growth and reproduction, we performed a common garden experiment. Finally, to complement the information of the common garden experiment, we estimated the reproductive biomass allocation between genders in one natural population. Sex ratios at reaching sexual maturity in F. parviflora did not differ from 0.5, except in one population, which was the smallest seedling population. We found no differences between genders in terms of the probability of germination or flowering. When flowering began, female plants were taller than males and the tallest plants of both genders required more time to reach sexual maturity. Males produced significantly more flowers than females, and the number of flowers increased with plant height in both genders. Finally, in the natural population studied, the investment in reproductive biomass was seven-fold greater in female plants than in male plants. Our results showed no evidence of possible trade-offs between growth and reproduction. Despite the fact that female plants invest more in reproductive biomass, they were taller than the males after flowering, possibly at the expense of herbivory defence.

scholarly journals A common garden experiment examining light use efficiency and heat sum to explain growth differences in native and exotic Pinus taeda

2018 ◽  
Vol 425 ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Albaugh ◽  
Thomas R. Fox ◽  
Chris A. Maier ◽  
Otávio C. Campoe ◽  
Rafael A. Rubilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Light Use Efficiency ◽  
Common Garden Experiment ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Growth Differences

Common‐garden experiment reveals clinal trends of bud phenology in black spruce populations from a latitudinal gradient in the boreal forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiali Guo ◽  
Marcin Klisz ◽  
Radosław Puchałka ◽  
Roberto Silvestro ◽  
Patrick Faubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Common Garden Experiment ◽  
Bud Phenology

scholarly journals First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Periconia igniaria on Yellow Starthistle in Russia

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 983-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kolomiets ◽  
L. Pankratova ◽  
Z. Mukhina ◽  
D. Kassanelly ◽  
T. Matveeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Soil Fungus ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Voucher Specimen ◽  
First Report ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Nutrition Medium

Yellow starthistle (YST), Centaurea solstitialis L., is a weedy plant that is widely distributed in the Krasnodar Region of Russia. It is also an aggressive invasive weed in the western United States and a target of biological control efforts. In the summer of 2006, several hundred diseased plants were found near Taman, Russia. Symptoms of the disease were yellow, water-soaked leaf spots. Diseased leaves were collected, air dried, and sent to the Russian State Collection of Phytopathogenic Organisms at the All Russia Institute of Phytopathology (ARIP). The fungus isolated from the diseased leaves conformed to Periconia igniaria E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis (teleomorph Didymosphaeria igniaria C. Booth) (1). Colonies of the fungus grew rapidly on potato glucose nutrition medium with aerial mycelium from fluffy to pressed and colorless at the beginning and darkening to black with age. The medium side of the colonies gradually became violet purple to wine colored. Conidiophores had aerial mycelia as much as 550 μm long and 9 to 13 μm wide tapering to 6 to 10 μm. Conidiophores were dark with short, swollen branched stipes. Conidia, formed in short twisted chains, were spherical, dark brown, 7 to 9 μm in diameter, and covered by 1 μm long spines. Yellow starthistle plants were grown in growth chambers with day/night air temperatures of 26 to 28/20 to 22°C, 60 to 70% relative air humidity, and 10,000 lx light for 16 h. Fifteen plants in the rosette stage were spray inoculated with an aqueous suspension of P. igniaria conidia at 5 × 106 conidia/ml and 5 ml per plant. Disease on leaves was observed on all plants 3 to 4 weeks after inoculation when the plants started to bolt. When the plants reached flowering stage, diffused yellow spots were observed on stems and inflorescences and all flowers died. Diseased leaves were surface disinfested and put on potato saccharose nutrition medium. P. igniaria was reisolated from 3 to 5 leaves of each plant and from flowers and stems that developed from 10 inoculated rosettes. Flowers of 10 YST plants were also inoculated with P. igniaria isolated from the previously inoculated plants. Disease developed in the flowers of all inoculated plants, and the symptoms were identical to those observed when rosettes were inoculated and disease followed bolting and flowering. No symptoms developed on four noninoculated plants included in each test. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the fungus were obtained and compared with sequences from GenBank. An uncultured soil fungus and three isolates of P. macrospinosa Lefebvre & Aar.G. Johnson produced the best homology (96%). No sequences for P. igniaria were available for comparison, but the description of P. macrospinosa (conidia 18 to 32 μm in diameter with 2.5 to 6 μm long spines) is clearly different than our isolate. ITS sequences for our isolate have been deposited in GenBank (Accession No. EU367468) and a voucher specimen has been deposited with the U.S. National Fungus Collection (BPI 878355). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. igniaria causing disease on YST. Live cultures are being maintained at the Russian State Collection of Phytopathogenic Organisms in ARIP. Reference: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, UK, 1971.

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