Pre-diagnostic DNA methylation patterns differ according to mammographic breast density amongst women who subsequently develop breast cancer: a case-only study in the EPIC-Florence cohort

Abstract Background Our goal was to find out the relation between mammographic densities and cancer of the breast according to the recent ACR classification. From the medical records of Kasereliny Hospital, 49,409 women were subjected to digital mammography for screening, of which 1500 breast cancer cases were collected. The mammographic categories of breast density were ACR-A, B, C, and D, which were detected by two senior radiologists. All radiological classifications were made using both standard mammographic views bilaterally. Two-sided tests of statistical significance were represented by all the P values. Results From 2014 to 2019, 49,409 women came for digital mammographic screening, their age ranges between 40 and 65, and all of them are included in the study. One thousand cases of breast cancer cases were radiologically and pathologically diagnosed. Different densities were arranged in descending pattern depending on the frequency of positive cases: D (13.7%), C (3.3%), B (2.7%), A (2.2%). There is positive significant risk ratio among every higher mammographic density in comparison to the lower density. Conclusion Our study results show that the risk of breast cancer is in close relation to the mammographic breast density.

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Tumour Size at Detection According to Different Measures of Mammographic Breast Density

Journal of Medical Screening ◽

10.1258/jms.2009.009054 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 140-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Carolyn Nickson ◽

Anne M Kavanagh

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Breast Density ◽

Tumour Size ◽

Mammographic Screening ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

Mammographic Breast Density ◽

Interval Cancers ◽

Dense Area ◽

Screening Strategies ◽

Continuous Measures

Objectives Breast cancer prognosis is better for smaller tumours. Women with high breast density are at higher risk of breast cancer and have larger screen-detected and interval cancers in mammographic screening programmes. We assess which continuous measures of breast density are the strongest predictors of breast tumour size at detection and therefore the best measures to identify women who might benefit from more intensive mammographic screening or alternative screening strategies. Setting and methods We compared the association between breast density and tumour size for 1007 screen-detected and 341 interval cancers diagnosed in an Australian mammographic screening programme between 1994 and 1996, for three semi-automated continuous measures of breast density: per cent density, dense area and dense area adjusted for non-dense area. Results After adjustment for age, hormone therapy use, family history of breast cancer and mode of detection (screen-detected or interval cancers), all measures of breast density shared a similar positive and significant association with tumour size. For example, tumours increased in size with dense area from an estimated mean 2.2 mm larger in the second quintile (β = 2.2; 95% Cl 0.4–3.9, P < 0.001) to mean 6.6 mm larger in the highest decile of dense area (β = 6.6; 95% Cl 4.4–8.9, P < 0.001), when compared with first quintile of breast density. Conclusions Of the breast density measures assessed, either dense area or per cent density are suitable measures for identifying women who might benefit from more intensive mammographic screening or alternative screening strategies.

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Mammographic Breast Density: Effect on Imaging and Breast Cancer Risk

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network ◽

10.6004/jnccn.2010.0085 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1157-1165 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Renee W. Pinsky ◽

Mark A. Helvie

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Breast Density ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Masking Effect ◽

Mammographic Breast Density ◽

Ultrasound Screening ◽

High Risk Women ◽

Dense Breasts ◽

Reduction Strategies ◽

Risk Reduction Strategies

Mammographic breast density has been studied for more than 30 years. Greater breast density not only is related to decreased sensitivity of mammograms because of a masking effect but also is a major independent risk factor for breast cancer. This article defines breast density and reviews literature on quantification of mammographic density that is key to future clinical and research protocols. Important influences on breast density are addressed, including age, menopausal status, exogenous hormones, and genetics of density. Young women with dense breasts benefit from digital mammographic technique. The potential use of supplemental MRI and ultrasound screening techniques in high-risk women and women with dense breasts is explored, as are potential risk reduction strategies.

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Mammographic breast density, its changes, and breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women

Cancer ◽

10.1002/cncr.33138 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 126 (21) ◽

pp. 4687-4696

Author(s):

Eun Young Kim ◽

Yoosoo Chang ◽

Jiin Ahn ◽

Ji‐Sup Yun ◽

Yong Lai Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Breast Density ◽

Mammographic Breast Density

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Review of: Are breast density and bone mineral density independent risk factors for breast cancer?

Breast Cancer Online ◽

10.1017/s1470903105004761 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. L. Hopper

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Breast Density ◽

Mammographic Breast Density ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Increased Risk

Citation of original article:K. Kerlikowske, J. Shepherd, J. Creasman, J. A. Tice, E. Ziv, S. R. Cummings. Are breast density and bone mineral density independent risk factors for breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2005; 97(7): 368–74.Abstract of the original articleBackground: Mammographic breast density and bone mineral density (BMD) are markers of cumulative exposure to estrogen. Previous studies have suggested that women with high mammographic breast density or high BMD are at increased risk of breast cancer. We determined whether mammographic breast density and BMD of the hip and spine are correlated and independently associated with breast cancer risk. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study (N = 15 254) and a nested case-control study (of 208 women with breast cancer and 436 control subjects) among women aged 28 years or older who had a screening mammography examination and hip BMD measurement within 2 years. Breast density for 3105 of the women was classified using the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) categories, and percentage mammographic breast density among the case patients and control subjects was quantified with a computer-based threshold method. Spearman rank partial correlation coefficient and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to examine correlations between BI-RADS breast density and BMD and between percentage mammographic breast density and BMD, respectively, in women without breast cancer. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of breast cancer with percentage mammographic breast density and BMD. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Neither BI-RADS breast density nor percentage breast density was correlated with hip or spine BMD (correlation coefficient = −.02 and −.01 for BI-RADS, respectively, and −2.06 and .01 for percentage breast density, respectively). Neither hip BMD nor spine BMD had a statistically significant relationship with breast cancer risk. Women with breast density in the highest sextile had an approximately threefold increased risk of breast cancer compared with women in the lowest sextile (odds ratio: 2.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.4–5.4); adjusting for hip or spine BMD did not change the association between breast density and breast cancer risk. Conclusion: Breast density is strongly associated with increased risk of breast cancer, even after taking into account reproductive and hormonal risk factors, whereas BMD, although a possible marker of lifetime exposure to estrogen, is not. Thus, a component of breast density that is independent of estrogen-mediated effects may contribute to breast cancer risk.

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Mammographic breast density and risk of breast cancer in women with atypical hyperplasia: an observational cohort study from the Mayo Clinic Benign Breast Disease (BBD) cohort

BMC Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12885-017-3082-2 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Robert A. Vierkant ◽

Amy C. Degnim ◽

Derek C. Radisky ◽

Daniel W. Visscher ◽

Ethan P. Heinzen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Breast Density ◽

Mayo Clinic ◽

Benign Breast Disease ◽

Breast Disease ◽

Observational Cohort Study ◽

Atypical Hyperplasia ◽

Mammographic Breast Density ◽

Observational Cohort

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Correlation Between Mammographic Breast Density, Breast Tissue Type in Ultrasonography, Fibroglandular Tissue, and Background Parenchymal Enhancement in Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Breast Cancer Basic and Clinical Research ◽

10.1177/1178223418771971 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 117822341877197 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Afsaneh Alikhassi ◽

Seyedeh Nooshin Miratashi Yazdi ◽

Hedieh Akbari ◽

Sona Akbari Kia ◽

Masoud Baikpour

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Breast Density ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Mammographic Breast Density ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Imaging Studies ◽

Background Parenchymal Enhancement ◽

Parenchymal Enhancement

Objective: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in the female population, and imaging studies play a critical role for its early detection. Mammographic breast density (MBD) is one of the markers used to predict the risk stratification of breast cancer in patients. We aimed to assess the correlations among MBD, ultrasound breast composition (USBC), fibroglandular tissue (FGT), and the amount of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) in magnetic resonance imaging, after considering the subjects’ menopausal status. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, the medical records’ archives in a tertiary referral hospital were reviewed. Data including age, menopausal status, their mammograms, and ultrasound assessments were extracted from their records. All of their imaging studies were reviewed, and MBD, USBC, FGT, and BPE were determined, recorded, and entered into SPSS software for analysis. Results: A total of 121 women (mean age = 42.7 ± 11.0 years) were included, of which 35 out of 115 (30.4%) had reached menopause. Using the Jonckheere-Terpstra test for evaluating the trends among above mentioned 4 radiologic characteristics in the total sample population, a significant positive relation was found between each of these paired variables: (1) USBC-MBD ( P = .006), (2) FGT-MBD ( P = .001), (3) USBC-BPE ( P = .046), (4) USBC-FGT ( P = .036), and (5) BPE-FGT ( P < .001). These trends were not found to be significant among premenopausal subjects. Conclusions: Considering the trends between different measures of breast density in the 3 radiologic modalities, these factors can be used interchangeably in certain settings.

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