scholarly journals Tumour Size at Detection According to Different Measures of Mammographic Breast Density

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Nickson ◽  
Anne M Kavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Tumour Size ◽  
Mammographic Screening ◽  
Cancer Prognosis ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Interval Cancers ◽  
Dense Area ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Continuous Measures

Objectives Breast cancer prognosis is better for smaller tumours. Women with high breast density are at higher risk of breast cancer and have larger screen-detected and interval cancers in mammographic screening programmes. We assess which continuous measures of breast density are the strongest predictors of breast tumour size at detection and therefore the best measures to identify women who might benefit from more intensive mammographic screening or alternative screening strategies. Setting and methods We compared the association between breast density and tumour size for 1007 screen-detected and 341 interval cancers diagnosed in an Australian mammographic screening programme between 1994 and 1996, for three semi-automated continuous measures of breast density: per cent density, dense area and dense area adjusted for non-dense area. Results After adjustment for age, hormone therapy use, family history of breast cancer and mode of detection (screen-detected or interval cancers), all measures of breast density shared a similar positive and significant association with tumour size. For example, tumours increased in size with dense area from an estimated mean 2.2 mm larger in the second quintile (β = 2.2; 95% Cl 0.4–3.9, P < 0.001) to mean 6.6 mm larger in the highest decile of dense area (β = 6.6; 95% Cl 4.4–8.9, P < 0.001), when compared with first quintile of breast density. Conclusions Of the breast density measures assessed, either dense area or per cent density are suitable measures for identifying women who might benefit from more intensive mammographic screening or alternative screening strategies.

scholarly journals Relationship of mammographic densities to breast cancer risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Engy A. Ali ◽  
Mariam Raafat
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Mammographic Screening ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Mammographic Densities

Abstract Background Our goal was to find out the relation between mammographic densities and cancer of the breast according to the recent ACR classification. From the medical records of Kasereliny Hospital, 49,409 women were subjected to digital mammography for screening, of which 1500 breast cancer cases were collected. The mammographic categories of breast density were ACR-A, B, C, and D, which were detected by two senior radiologists. All radiological classifications were made using both standard mammographic views bilaterally. Two-sided tests of statistical significance were represented by all the P values. Results From 2014 to 2019, 49,409 women came for digital mammographic screening, their age ranges between 40 and 65, and all of them are included in the study. One thousand cases of breast cancer cases were radiologically and pathologically diagnosed. Different densities were arranged in descending pattern depending on the frequency of positive cases: D (13.7%), C (3.3%), B (2.7%), A (2.2%). There is positive significant risk ratio among every higher mammographic density in comparison to the lower density. Conclusion Our study results show that the risk of breast cancer is in close relation to the mammographic breast density.

scholarly journals Mammographic Breast Density and Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: The Kenyan-African Aspect

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim Jamal Shaikh ◽  
Maeve Mullooly ◽  
Shahin Sayed ◽  
Rose Ndumia ◽  
Innocent Abayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Dense Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Introduction. Data examining mammographic breast density (MBD) among patients in Sub-Saharan Africa are sparse. We evaluated how MBD relates to breast cancer characteristics in Kenyan women undergoing diagnostic mammography. Methods. This cross-sectional study included women with pathologically confirmed breast cancers (n=123). Pretreatment mammograms of the unaffected breast were assessed to estimate absolute dense area (cm2), nondense area (cm2), and percent density (PD). Relationships between density measurements and clinical characteristics were evaluated using analysis of covariance. Results. Median PD and dense area were 24.9% and 85.3 cm2. Higher PD and dense area were observed in younger women (P<0.01). Higher dense and nondense areas were observed in obese women (P-trend < 0.01). Estrogen receptor (ER) positive patients (73%) had higher PD and dense area than ER-negative patients (P≤0.02). Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (17%) had lower PD and dense area (P≤0.01) compared with non-TNBCs. No associations were observed between MBD and tumor size and grade. Conclusions. Our findings show discordant relationships between MBD and molecular tumor subtypes to those previously observed in Western populations. The relatively low breast density observed at diagnosis may have important implications for cancer prevention initiatives in Kenya. Subsequent larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.

scholarly journals Is Mammographic Breast Density an Endophenotype for Breast Cancer?

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3916
Author(s):  
Ellie Darcey ◽  
Nina McCarthy ◽  
Eric K. Moses ◽  
Christobel Saunders ◽  
Gemma Cadby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Dense Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meta Analyses

Mammographic breast density (MBD) is a strong and highly heritable predictor of breast cancer risk and a biomarker for the disease. This study systematically assesses MBD as an endophenotype for breast cancer—a quantitative trait that is heritable and genetically correlated with disease risk. Using data from the family-based kConFab Study and the 1994/1995 cross-sectional Busselton Health Study, participants were divided into three status groups—cases, relatives of cases and controls. Participant’s mammograms were used to measure absolute dense area (DA) and percentage dense area (PDA). To address each endophenotype criterion, linear mixed models and heritability analysis were conducted. Both measures of MBD were significantly associated with breast cancer risk in two independent samples. These measures were also highly heritable. Meta-analyses of both studies showed that MBD measures were higher in cases compared to relatives (β = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.86 and β = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.78 for DA and PDA, respectively) and in relatives compared to controls (β = 0.16, 95% CI = −0.24, 0.56 and β = 0.16, 95% CI = −0.21, 0.53 for DA and PDA, respectively). This study formally demonstrates, for the first time, that MBD is an endophenotype for breast cancer.

scholarly journals Benign breast disease and changes in mammographic breast density

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Reimers ◽  
Mandy Goldberg ◽  
Parisa Tehranifar ◽  
Karin B. Michels ◽  
Barbara A. Cohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Benign Breast Disease ◽  
Breast Disease ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Dense Area ◽  
Nulliparous Women ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Background Mammographic breast density (MBD) and benign breast disease (BBD) are two of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer. Understanding trends in MBD by age and parity in women with BBD is essential to the clinical management and prevention of breast cancer. Methods Using data from the Early Determinants of Mammographic Density (EDMD) study, a prospective follow-up study of women born in 1959–1967, we evaluated MBD in 676 women. We used linear regression with generalized estimating equations to examine associations between self-reported BBD and MBD (percent density, dense area, and non-dense area), assessed through a computer-assisted method. Results A prior BBD diagnosis (median age at diagnosis 32 years) was reported by 18% of our cohort. The median time from BBD diagnosis to first available study mammogram was 9.4 years (range 1.1–27.6 years). Women with BBD had a 3.44% higher percent MBD (standard error (SE) = 1.56, p-value = 0.03) on their first available mammogram than women without BBD. Compared with parous women without BBD, nulliparous women with BBD and women with a BBD diagnosis prior to first birth had 7–8% higher percent MBD (β = 7.25, SE = 2.43, p-value< 0.01 and β = 7.84, SE = 2.98, p-value = 0.01, respectively), while there was no difference in MBD in women with a BBD diagnosis after the first birth (β = −0.22, SE = 2.40, p-value = 0.93). Conclusion Women with self-reported BBD had higher mammographic breast density than women without BBD; the association was limited to women with BBD diagnosed before their first birth.

scholarly journals 965The estimated impact of improved breast screening tests targeted at women with dense breasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Procopio ◽  
Louiza Velentzis ◽  
A Dennis Petrie ◽  
G Bruce Mann ◽  
Anne M Kavanagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Breast Cancer Screening ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Tumour Size ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
Interval Cancers ◽  
Dense Breasts

Abstract Background There is increasing interest in risk-based breast cancer screening, including interventions to improve outcomes for women with mammographically dense breasts. Methods Policy1-Breast is a continuous-time, multiple-cohort micro-simulation whole-population model which incorporates breast cancer risk, life-course breast density, menopause, hormone therapy use and screening participation. Outcomes include cancer diagnoses and characteristics (invasive/DCIS, tumour size, grade), mode of detection (screen-detected/interval/other) and mortality (breast cancer and other cause). Policy1-Breast validates well against key observed clinical outcomes in Australia. We estimate changes in outcomes within and outside the BreastScreen program upon the introduction of a hypothetical screening test with improved sensitivity for women with dense breasts. Results We estimate that introducing in year 2020 a screening test for women in the highest quintile of breast density at age 50 that halves the masking effect of their breast density would, by 2026-2030, increase diagnosis rates of population-level invasive cancers ( 10%) and screen-detected cancers (20%) and decrease rates of interval cancers (17%) and community-detected cancers (6%). Conclusions Targeted screening tests with improved sensitivity for women with dense breasts are expected to markedly reduce interval cancers and other cancers diagnosed outside the BreastScreen program, while increasing all cancer diagnoses due to increased rates of screen-detected cancers. Key messages Specialised breast cancer screening tests directed at women with very high breast density are expected to reduce interval cancers and increase overall cancer diagnoses. Population simulation models such as Policy1-Breast can complement trial evidence by evaluating a range of scenarios and estimating short and long-term implications.

scholarly journals Plasma Leptin Levels, LEPR Q223R Polymorphism and Mammographic Breast Density: A Cross-sectional Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cher Dallal ◽  
Seymour Garte ◽  
Camille Ragin ◽  
Jiangying Chen ◽  
Stacy Lloyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Dense Breast ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Dense Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plasma Leptin

Obesity is associated with breast cancer in postmenopausal women, and breast density is a marker of breast cancer risk. Leptin is produced by the adipose tissue, acts through receptors that are polymorphic in nature, and is considered a cancer growth factor. The relationship between body mass index, leptin, leptin receptors and breast density is not well studied. A cross-sectional analysis in 392 post-menopausal healthy women was conducted; participants provided permission to obtain copies of their most recent screening mammogram. Non-fasting plasma leptin levels were determined using a commercially available leptin ELISA kit. Analysis of the Q223R genotypes of the LEPR gene were performed by PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using DNA extracted from buffy coat samples. A statistically significant positive relationship was observed between leptin levels and body mass index (p<0.0001); leptin was significantly positively associated with mammography total breast area and non-dense breast area (p<0.0001), while it was inversely associated with percent breast density (p<0.0001). Leptin levels varied across the LEPR Q223R polymorphism, and were higher in women homozygous for the AA variant. Percent breast density decreased across the LEPR Q223R genotype, with lower percent density in women with the AA genotype. When dense area was considered according to quartiles of leptin and stratified by LEPR Q223R, a significant inverse trend between leptin levels and dense breast area was observed only among women with the G/G genotype (p-trend<0.001). After adjustment for possible confounders, leptin levels were significantly inversely associated with percent breast density (p=0.01). A significant interaction between body mass index and leptin levels on percent breast density was observed (p=0.03). These findings suggest that the association between leptin and breast density may vary by LEPR Q223R genotype, and that body mass index and leptin may act in an interactive way in determining breast density.

scholarly journals Independent and joint cross-sectional associations of statin and metformin use with mammographic breast density

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica J. Lee Argov ◽  
Teofilia Acheampong ◽  
Mary Beth Terry ◽  
Carmen B. Rodriguez ◽  
Mariangela Agovino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Dense Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Statin Use

Abstract Background Well-tolerated and commonly used medications are increasingly assessed for reducing breast cancer risk. These include metformin and statins, both linked to reduced hormone availability and cell proliferation or growth and sometimes prescribed concurrently. We investigated independent and joint associations of these medications with mammographic breast density (MBD), a useful biomarker for the effect of chemopreventive agents on breast cancer risk. Methods Using data from a cross-sectional study of 770 women (78% Hispanic, aged 40–61 years, in a mammography cohort with high cardiometabolic burden), we examined the association of self-reported “ever” use of statins and metformin with MBD measured via clinical Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) density classifications (relative risk regression) and continuous semi-automated percent and size of dense area (Cumulus) (linear regression), adjusted for age, body mass index, education, race, menopausal status, age at first birth, and insulin use. Results We observed high statin (27%), metformin (13%), and combination (9%) use, and most participants were overweight/obese (83%) and parous (87%). Statin use was associated with a lower likelihood of high density BI-RADS (RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.80), percent dense area (PD) (β = − 6.56, 95% CI = − 9.05 to − 4.06), and dense area (DA) (β = − 9.05, 95% CI = − 14.89 to − 3.22). Metformin use was associated with lower PD and higher non-dense area (NDA), but associations were attenuated by co-medication with statins. Compared to non-use of either medication, statin use alone or with metformin were associated with lower PD and DA (e.g., β = − 6.86, 95% CI: − 9.67, − 4.05 and β = − 7.07, 95% CI: − 10.97, − 3.17, respectively, for PD) and higher NDA (β = 25.05, 95% CI: 14.06, 36.03; β = 29.76, 95% CI: 14.55, 44.96, respectively). Conclusions Statin use was consistently associated with lower MBD, measured both through clinical radiologist assessment and continuous relative and absolute measures, including dense area. Metformin use was associated with lower PD and higher NDA, but this may be driven by co-medication with statins. These results support that statins may lower MBD but need confirmation with prospective and clinical data to distinguish the results of medication use from that of disease.

Mammographic Breast Density Assessment

2013 ◽  
Vol 311 ◽  
pp. 518-523
Author(s):  
Chien Shun Lo ◽  
Si Wa Chan ◽  
San Kan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Dense Area ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
High Mammographic Density ◽  
Density Assessment

In Taiwan, breast cancer has become the second leading type of cancerous diseases among women. The incidence and mortality rates keep rising, and mammography remains to be the only effective screening technique which is capable of detecting breast cancer at an early stage. High mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. Based on BI-RADS categories, mammograms are classified into four categories (D1-D4) based on the percentage of dense area (PDA). However, reporting of breast density suffers from high inter and intra observer variability. Because the risk of breast cancer is at least three times greater in women with density (D3&D4) than in women with density D1, this paper proposes a local entropy method to identify the higher density (D3&D4) from (D1&D2) by two features. There are 406 mammograms with four categories collected for the test. The higher density (D3&D4) can be identified from lower density (D1&D2) in the correction of 100%. The Az of receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.9996 can be achieved.

Effect of the third generation selective estrogen receptor modulator arzoxifene on mammographic breast density

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 562-562
Author(s):  
B. F. Kimler ◽  
G. Ursin ◽  
C. J. Fabian ◽  
J. R. Anderson ◽  
C. Chamberlain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Dense Area

562 Background: Arzoxifene (ARZ) is currently being studied for treatment of breast cancer patients in a Phase II trial because of tamoxifen-like efficacy but lack of uterine agonist effect. We conducted a Phase II chemoprevention trial in women at high risk for development of breast cancer on the basis of personal or family history. Methods: Potential subjects had multiple biomarkers assessed, including random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) with breast epithelial cells processed for cytomorphology and immunocytochemistry. Women who exhibited cytologic hyperplasia ± atypia were eligible for enrollment. Subjects were stratified on the basis of atypia, estrogen receptor expression, menopause status, germline BrCa1/2 mutation status, and accrual site. Subjects were randomized (double-blind) between placebo and ARZ (LY353381.HCI, 20 mg daily) for 6 mo, with an option to continue on study for another 6 mo while receiving open-label ARZ. Assessments conducted at baseline, 6 mo, and 12 mo included mammographic breast density. Mammograms were digitized to image files which were cropped to remove labels and dates, and then identified by a study subject ID number and a random coding for baseline, 6 or 12 mo. This allowed the reader (GU) to view the three files for a subject, but to remain blinded as to the sequence of the films or the study agent. The files were assessed for mammographic density using the Madena computer-assisted system. Results: Of 199 subjects enrolled on the study, 52% were pre-menopausal; with 101 women randomized to placebo and 98 to ARZ. At baseline, mean values were comparable for placebo and ARZ groups for breast area (∼244 cm2), total dense area (∼100 cm2), and the percent of the breast at increased density (41.3% vs 46.2%). After 6 mo, there were minimal changes in total breast area (P=0.13); but statistically significant decreases (P<0.001) for the comparison of placebo vs ARZ (2-sided T-test) for change in both dense area (+3.8 vs −12.9 cm2) and percent breast density (+0.8% vs −4.6%). Conclusions: The 3rd generation SERM arzoxifene administered for 6 mo produces statistically significant decreases in mammographic breast density relative to placebo in women at high risk for development of breast cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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