scholarly journals On the Contingency of Universalism

Erkenntnis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Calosi
Keyword(s):  
Argumentative Structure

AbstractThe paper presents different arguments against the necessity of mereological universalism. First, it argues that they are examples of a much more general argumentative structure. It then contends that some of these arguments cannot be resisted by distinguishing different variants of universalism that have been recently proposed in the literature—in contrast with recent suggestions to the contrary. Finally, it provides different ways to resist such contingentist arguments on behalf of universalists.

Argumentation theory: competition between modern research approaches

2018 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Анатолий Мигунов ◽  
Anatoliy Migunov ◽  
Елена Лисанюк ◽  
Elena Lisanyuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Procedural Semantics ◽  
Social Success ◽  
Large Structures ◽  
Criteria Importance ◽  
Practical Argumentation ◽  
Argumentative Structure ◽  
Theory Competition

To overcome the crisis in the sphere of argumentation studies, the project proposes a logical-cognitive concept of argumentation which is a compound formalized theory that includes formalisms for modeling argumentation of different types, a relevant conceptual framework and a methodology for the use of scientific research in the practice. Three types of argumentation are defined: theoretical (two types) and practical. Theoretical argumentation is a critical discussion of the agents’ knowledge and opinions about facts aimed to substantiate a certain view or to change it – i.e. persuasion. Practical argumentation is a critical discussion of opinions about actions which includes, in addition to the statements about knowledge and opinions, statements of a non-descriptive nature about the agents’ values and intentions to adhere to a certain line of behavior. The study of argumentation needs to focus on the large structures that reflect specifics of the criticism and defense of the positions of the parties. An atom unit of such study is the argument as a statement of reason, while its molecular elements are the argumentative structure of a dispute (frame), a multitude of arguments that express the parties’ positions, a multitude of the agents’ knowledge and opinions that act as the bases for the formation of positions, lines of behavior, etc. Within the framework of this trend, both indefeasible (deductive) and defeasible argumentations can be studied. The argumentation effectiveness can be assessed based on the procedural semantics and using analogues of such logical notions as consistency and completeness. Modern approaches to the argumentation, including those claiming the compound status, can be classified using two methods: based on the substantive and practical criteria. Importance of the research outcomes amounts to the theoretical and methodological role of the new conception of argumentation and the general “umbrella” term argumentation that allows systematizing the manifold research and educational approaches and concepts in this field and is associated with communicative nature of modern social life where efficiency and social success rely on argumentative and narrative competences.

Postscript Shared Attributes and Monism Revisited

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Negative Aspect ◽  
Positive Aspect ◽  
Argumentative Structure

Chapter 3 (“Ethics 1p5: Shared Attributes and the Basis of Spinoza’s Monism”) develops replies on Spinoza’s behalf to two objections (the “Hooker-Bennett objection” and the “Leibniz-Bennett objection,” respectively) to his demonstration in Ethics 1p5d that substances cannot share an attribute. Both of these replies appeal to a positive aspect of the priority of substance over its modes: that modes are in and conceived through their substances. In his important 2002 article “Spinoza’s Substance Monism,” Michael Della Rocca develops replies to the objections that appeal instead to a negative aspect of the priority: that substances are not in or conceived through their modes. This postscript argues that neither of the negatively based replies is satisfactory on its own within the argumentative structure of the Ethics and that the positively based replies of Chapter 3 are more likely to capture Spinoza’s own thinking about the impossibility of shared attributes

The beginning of Melissus' On Nature or On What-Is: a reconstruction

2015 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Harriman
Keyword(s):  
Argumentative Structure

Abstract:The philosophical treatise of Melissus of Samos is often maintained to have a strictly deductive argumentative structure. This article attempts to confirm this thesis by establishing that such a structure is instituted beginning from its title and introductory sphragis. Extant paraphrases of Melissus’ treatise are examined and are argued (in line with some previous treatments) to provide a highly illuminating indication that the work began from the hypothesis that something is. Next, an account of how the first verbatim fragment (DK30B1) takes up this prefatory material is given along with a reconstructed text and translation of the title, preface and argument for the sempiternity of what-is.

scholarly journals Marked and Non-Marked Attribute Structures within a Secondary Predicate in the French Language

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Iuliia Zelena
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
French Language ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Semantic Transfer ◽  
Argumentative Structure ◽  
Transfer Mechanisms

The article is devoted to the study of marked and unmarked attributive constructions, considering the influence of semantic transfer mechanisms, taking into account their productive potential. Structuraland semantic characterization of types of attributive constructions is performed in light of two initial theories –in view ofreferentstatusand actual sentence fragmentation. An independent research of relationsbetween predication manifestations and the semanticand syntactic structure of a sentence has been performed by determining the valence properties of attributive verbs. The distinctionbetween different types of constructionswith the attribute complement isdescribed and it is specifiedthat there is a direct correlation between the type of attributive sentences and the emergence of predicative relation.The article is dedicated to the analysis of modification of the information structure and the status of the referent in sentences containing attributive object. Given the types of interpretation of attributive sentences and, based on the results of contextual analysis, it became possible to prove that change of argumentative structure in verbal group gives a reason to treat attributive verb with elements SN2 and X as a predicative focus of the sentence and permit to consider it as the complex secondary predicate.

scholarly journals TIARA 2.0: an interactive tool for annotating discourse structure and text improvement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Wira Gotama Putra ◽  
Kana Matsumura ◽  
Simone Teufel ◽  
Takenobu Tokunaga
Keyword(s):  
Visual Complexity ◽  
Discourse Structure ◽  
Annotation Tool ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Structure Annotation ◽  
Argumentative Structure ◽  
Discourse Units ◽  
Interactive Visualisation ◽  
Tree View

AbstractDiscourse structure annotation aims at analysing how discourse units (e.g. sentences or clauses) relate to each other and what roles they play in the overall discourse. Several annotation tools for discourse structure have been developed. However, they often only support specific annotation schemes, making their usage limited to new schemes. This article presents TIARA 2.0, an annotation tool for discourse structure and text improvement. Departing from our specific needs, we extend an existing tool to accommodate four levels of annotation: discourse structure, argumentative structure, sentence rearrangement and content alteration. The latter two are particularly unique compared to existing tools. TIARA is implemented on standard web technologies and can be easily customised. It deals with the visual complexity during the annotation process by systematically simplifying the layout and by offering interactive visualisation, including clutter-reducing features and dual-view display. TIARA’s text-view allows annotators to focus on the analysis of logical sequencing between sentences. The tree-view allows them to review their analysis in terms of the overall discourse structure. Apart from being an annotation tool, it is also designed to be useful for educational purposes in the teaching of argumentation; this gives it an edge over other existing tools.

scholarly journals Presentation: Paul Ricœur, “The Question of the Colonies”

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Ernst Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Paul Ricoeur ◽  
Paul Ricœur ◽  
Argumentative Structure

This presentation serves as an introduction to Paul Ricœur’s essay "The Question of the Colonies" (1947). The essay is contextualized in relation to other contemporary anti-colonial writings and to Ricœur’s own later philosophy. The argumentative structure of the essay is clarified, while identifying some difficulties in evaluating it today.

Troubled Senses

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jed Z. Buchwald ◽  
Mordechai Feingold
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Human History ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Argumentative Structure

This chapter considers the roots of Isaac Newton’s interest in natural and historical knowledge. In the late seventeenth century, experiment-based knowledge remained suspect. Technical chronologers developed systems of concordances and sequences that located events of human history in time by means of their simultaneous occurrences with particular astronomical events, usually eclipses. It is precisely here that Isaac Newton, as a chronologer, differed programatically from his predecessors: he sought to use astronomical tools to mold singular events into a system for understanding ancient history, indeed for grasping the entire development of civilization—what’s more, a system that shared and exemplified the same evidentiary and argumentative structure deployed in his science.

Revolutionary Metaphysics

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Neil E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Ontology ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Argumentative Structure

This first chapter serves as the introduction to the book, and presents its overarching argumentative structure. In the chapter it is argued that solving metaphysical problems via repeated applications of a fundamental ontology results in a systematic metaphysic, and that we are presently in the grips of a neo-Humean metaphysic. A distinct metaphysic is introduced as an alternative and a competitor, one that is based on an ontology of inherently causal properties known as ‘powers’. Adopting a metaphysic based on powers requires a massive upheaval in one’s metaphysical framework, but promises a variety of pay-offs. The chapter closes with a quick rundown of the ontological assumptions on which the book relies.

Argumentation and Reflection in Plato’s Gigantomachia (Sophist 245e6–249d5)

2018 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-285
Author(s):  
Daniel Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Complex Activity ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
First Order ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Argumentative Strategies ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Argumentative Structure ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper argues that Plato’s gigantomachia is simultaneously concerned with first-order arguments about metaphysics and epistemology and with second-order arguments that reflect on the impact of ethical components, argumentative strategies and theoretical assumptions in the conversation. This complex argumentative structure reveals, I suggest, an organic and systematic conception of philosophy where all the elements are interdependent. This interpretation has four consequences, two at the second-order level, and two concerning the first-order arguments. First, it shows that there are methodological and ethical requirements without which philosophy is impossible. Second, it shows that the text does not refute materialism but tries to reflect the necessary conditions to consider possible the existence of incorporeal beings. Third, it argues that the text assumes a conception of knowledge where knowing something is a complex activity composed of two causal relations. Finally, it offers a new interpretation of the overall conclusion of the passage.

Daarom is Reclame Dan Ook Interessant Voor De Tekstwetenschap

1987 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 104-117
Author(s):  
Els Andringa
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
The Third ◽  
Argumentative Structure ◽  
Positive Quality

From general advertising tasks and strategies three hypotheses about connectivity in advertisement texts were derived: 1. In advertisements the number of connectors will be comparatively high. 2. The number of subordinating connectors, however, will be low. 3. Connectors which semantically possess an argumentative or rhetoric quality will play a dominant role. These hypotheses were tested in a comparative study of written advertising language and other kinds of written texts. Hypothesis 1 and 2 were supported. In testing the third hypothesis it was found that the connectors of addition and of causation are more frequent in advertising than in other written language, but that adversatives are not. In a qualitative analysis the role of causal relationships was worked out. It was found that their functions fitted the tasks of advertising texts from which the hypotheses originated very well. At least five functions have been found: 1. Causal connectors often relate two different product qualities to each other. 2. They do this by putting these qualities in an argumentative structure of the following form: Product quality (P) conclusion> General positive quality (C) or: Ρ explanation 3. When the generalizing difference between (P) and (C) is not very strong, the structure becomes one of tautological repetition. In this way a product quality may be accentuated.

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