Impact of Same-Sex Harassment and Gender-Role Stereotypes on Title VII Protection for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Employees

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn A. Berkley ◽  
Alisa H. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Title Vii ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Gender Role Stereotypes ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
And Gender

The Influence of Sport Appropriateness and Image on the Status of Female Athletes

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda A. Riemer ◽  
Deborah L. Feltz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Basketball Player ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gender Role Stereotypes ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stereotyped visual images (pictures) on the friendship status ranking of females in “gender-appropriate” and “gender-inappropriate” sports. The study employed a 2×2×3 (sex × sport × image) ANOVA between subjects design, with tennis and basketball being the “appropriate” and “inappropriate” sports chosen respectively. The visual image was manipulated by having a picture of a stereotypical feminine female versus a stereotypical androgynous female. The control group did not have a visual image. We hypothesized that image would interact with sport appropriateness such that the feminine image would enhance the friendship status of the hypothetical basketball player; whereas the androgynous image would lower the hypothetical tennis player’s status. A “sex-byimage” interaction as well as a “sex-by-sport” trend supported the hypothesis for males; males used the perceived femininity/androgyny stereotype to influence their decision about friendship status.Over the last two decades, women’s active involvement in sport has increased. For example, since the 1972 passage of Title IX, participation has increased by over 600% for girls in interscholastic school programs (Boutilier & SanGiovanni, 1983). Despite an increase in the sport opportunities available to women, stereotypes about what is socially appropriate influence how females in sport are perceived. Gender-role stereotypes have been identified as some of the influencing factors in the perception of appropriate sports for males and females (Metheny, 1965) and in one’s social status (Coleman, 1961). Avariable which may enhance the perception of appropriate sports for males and females is the addition of a visual image. Duncan & Sayaovong (1990) have suggested that visual images have the ability to reinforce or contradict gender-role stereotypes. The purpose of this study was to determine how visual images may affect the perceived status of female high school athletes in “gender-appropriate” and “gender-inappropriate” sports.

Couple Therapy with Same-Sex and Gender-Variant (LGBT) Couples

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valory Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Minority Stress ◽  
Couple Therapy ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Gender Variant ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
And Gender

Same-sex and gender-variant couples are similar to heterosexual/gender-traditional couples in many ways. However, lesbian, gay, and bisexual couples and couples with one or both transgender partners (LGBT couples) exist in a stigmatizing environment that provides no social structures for them. As a result, these couples face three types of challenges: minority stress, lack of social support, and role and relational ambiguity. The author reviews research on these three challenges and offers specific techniques to address them. A conceptual model creates a bridge between sociocultural challenges and the psychological-relational consequences, affording therapists an understanding of how to plan and implement effective interventions. In addition, seven basic premises provide parameters for work with LGBT couples.

scholarly journals Gender Conformity, Perceptions of Shared Power, and Marital Quality in Same- and Different-Sex Marriages

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Pollitt ◽  
Brandon A. Robinson ◽  
Debra Umberson
Keyword(s):  
Marital Quality ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
Gender Conformity ◽  
Unpaid Labor ◽  
Shared Power ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Bisexual People

Research on gender inequality within different-sex marriages shows that women do more unpaid labor than men, and that the perception of inequality influences perceptions of marital quality. Yet research on same-sex couples suggests the importance of considering how gender is relational. Past studies show that same-sex partners share unpaid labor more equally and perceive greater equity than do different-sex partners, and that lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are less gender conforming than heterosexuals. However, studies have not considered how gender conformity might shape inequalities and marital quality within same- and different-sex unions. In this study, we analyze dyadic data from both spouses in same- and different-sex marriages to explore how sex of spouse and gender conformity influence perceptions of shared power within the relationship, which, in turn, influences marital quality. Results show that greater gender conformity is related to stronger perceptions of shared power in different-sex and male same-sex couples but not in female same-sex couples. Perceptions of shared power are positively associated with marital quality in all union types. Our findings suggest that maintaining hegemonic masculinity and power inequalities may be salient to marriages with men. In female same-sex couples, gender and its relation to power inequalities may carry less meaning.

scholarly journals Gender role stereotypes and frames used by advertisers between portrayals of women, men, and non-binary individuals in Facebook advertising

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lindsey Howard
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Framing Effects ◽  
Television Advertising ◽  
Gender Role Stereotypes ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Facebook Advertising ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this study is to investigate the gender role stereotypes and framing effects in online digital advertisements. The literature review provides information about Framing theory and gender role stereotypes of women, men, and non-binary individuals portrayed in online advertisements as a means to push for further research in the field of online digital advertising. The effectiveness of Facebook for businesses will also be discussed in the literature review. Prior completed studies are referenced to show both framing as a theory and gender role stereotypes as broad enough to effect online advertising as it does print or television advertising. The predominant results show that gender role stereotypes in digital advertising have improved over time as the social atmosphere has began to equalize between the genders. Engagement metrics are also studied to determine if engagement (i.e. views) is increased for posts using traditional stereotypes. This leads to the need for further research of these gender role stereotypes and frames in the online medium of advertising to better understand what effects it may have on consumers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document