The Influence of Sport Appropriateness and Image on the Status of Female Athletes

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda A. Riemer ◽  
Deborah L. Feltz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Basketball Player ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gender Role Stereotypes ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stereotyped visual images (pictures) on the friendship status ranking of females in “gender-appropriate” and “gender-inappropriate” sports. The study employed a 2×2×3 (sex × sport × image) ANOVA between subjects design, with tennis and basketball being the “appropriate” and “inappropriate” sports chosen respectively. The visual image was manipulated by having a picture of a stereotypical feminine female versus a stereotypical androgynous female. The control group did not have a visual image. We hypothesized that image would interact with sport appropriateness such that the feminine image would enhance the friendship status of the hypothetical basketball player; whereas the androgynous image would lower the hypothetical tennis player’s status. A “sex-byimage” interaction as well as a “sex-by-sport” trend supported the hypothesis for males; males used the perceived femininity/androgyny stereotype to influence their decision about friendship status.Over the last two decades, women’s active involvement in sport has increased. For example, since the 1972 passage of Title IX, participation has increased by over 600% for girls in interscholastic school programs (Boutilier & SanGiovanni, 1983). Despite an increase in the sport opportunities available to women, stereotypes about what is socially appropriate influence how females in sport are perceived. Gender-role stereotypes have been identified as some of the influencing factors in the perception of appropriate sports for males and females (Metheny, 1965) and in one’s social status (Coleman, 1961). Avariable which may enhance the perception of appropriate sports for males and females is the addition of a visual image. Duncan & Sayaovong (1990) have suggested that visual images have the ability to reinforce or contradict gender-role stereotypes. The purpose of this study was to determine how visual images may affect the perceived status of female high school athletes in “gender-appropriate” and “gender-inappropriate” sports.

Looking through Gendered Lenses: Female Stereotyping in Advertisements and Gender Role Expectations

1996 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Lafky ◽  
Margaret Duffy ◽  
Mary Steinmaus ◽  
Dan Berkowitz
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
School Students ◽  
Gender Role Expectations ◽  
Gender Role Stereotyping ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

This study applied cognitive heuristics theory to the study of gender role stereotyping. Seventy-five high school students viewed magazine advertisements with stereotypical images of women, while fifty others viewed nonstereotypical images. Both groups then responded to statements concerning a woman in a “neutral” photograph. Differences in gender role expectations were found for six of the twelve questionnaire statements, although differences were not consistently related to either gender or experimental treatment. While the effects documented in this experiment were not dramatic, the results provide further evidence that even brief exposure to stereotypical advertisements plays a role in reinforcing stereotypes about gender roles and that what Sandra Bem has described as the lenses of gender lead to differences in the ways males and females cognitively process visual advertising images.

Labor Force Participation of Immigrant Women in the Netherlands: Do Traditional Partners Hold Them Back?

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 506-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yassine Khoudja ◽  
Fenella Fleischmann
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Gender

Female labor force participation (FLFP) rates often vary across ethnic groups. This study examined the role of the partner's labor market resources and gender role attitudes for FLFP in different ethnic groups. Cross-sectional data of women in partnerships from the four biggest immigrant groups in the Netherlands and from a native Dutch control group were analyzed. Traditional gender role attitudes of partners were negatively related to FLFP and partly explained ethnic differences therein. Moreover, across all groups, the relation between partners’ labor market resources and FLFP was more negative for traditional women and rather absent for egalitarian women.

scholarly journals Gender role stereotypes and frames used by advertisers between portrayals of women, men, and non-binary individuals in Facebook advertising

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lindsey Howard
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Framing Effects ◽  
Television Advertising ◽  
Gender Role Stereotypes ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Facebook Advertising ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this study is to investigate the gender role stereotypes and framing effects in online digital advertisements. The literature review provides information about Framing theory and gender role stereotypes of women, men, and non-binary individuals portrayed in online advertisements as a means to push for further research in the field of online digital advertising. The effectiveness of Facebook for businesses will also be discussed in the literature review. Prior completed studies are referenced to show both framing as a theory and gender role stereotypes as broad enough to effect online advertising as it does print or television advertising. The predominant results show that gender role stereotypes in digital advertising have improved over time as the social atmosphere has began to equalize between the genders. Engagement metrics are also studied to determine if engagement (i.e. views) is increased for posts using traditional stereotypes. This leads to the need for further research of these gender role stereotypes and frames in the online medium of advertising to better understand what effects it may have on consumers.

scholarly journals Bridging the Gender Gap in Computing: An Integrative Approach to Content Design for Girls

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen-M. Lynn ◽  
Chad Raphael ◽  
Karin Olefsky ◽  
Christine M. Bachen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Software Design ◽  
Web Site ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Computer Design ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Content Design

Although some observed differences in males' and females' attitudes toward and uses of computers appear to be narrowing, the gender gap remains widest in relation to programming and software design, which are still male preserves. In response, software and Web site designers have applied feminist theories to develop three distinct approaches to creating content for girls that might increase their interest in computers. These approaches involve appealing to girls' traditional “feminine” interests, nontraditional “masculine” interests, and gender-neutral interests. This study proposes that to bridge today's gender gap, prior approaches need to integrate appeals to girls' traditional and nontraditional interests, and focus content more clearly on learning about computer design itself. An experimental test of this integrative strategy, used to develop a prototype World Wide Web site tested on girls in their homes ( n = 125), obtained significant increases in the treatment group's interest in, sense of relevancy of, and motivation to use computers, compared to a control group.

scholarly journals Analysis of the effectiveness of instructional recommendations for forming practical skills and abilities in adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Irina R. Gainutdinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Practical Skills ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Effective Work ◽  
Average Grade ◽  
And Gender

Lessons for forming practical skills and abilities are significant in the educational process. A laboratory lesson, as the main type of lessons for forming practical skills and abilities, is linked to a number of difficulties in organizing effective work of adolescent schoolchildren. The purpose of the study is to experimentally check the effectiveness of the developed instructional recommendations for forming practical skills and abilities in adolescents, taking into account age and gender role characteristics. The hypothesis of the study is: the developed instructional recommendations increase the effectiveness of development of practical skills and abilities in adolescent schoolchildren. The study substantiates the necessity of using the knowledge of age and gender-role characteristics of schoolchildren by a teacher in organizing and conducting laboratory lessons. The study also highlights the methodological research principles, i.e. individually differentiated and holistic approach to teaching schoolchildren. The study is carried out on a sample of 8th grade students (N = 52, aged from 13 to 14 years; experimental group (n = 25), control group (n = 27)) of the educational institution “Gymnasium No. 1” in Saratov. We carried out inter-group analysis of average grade points of schoolchildren for laboratory works in physics, chemistry and biology during the 2018-2019 academic year using the Mann – Whitney U test. It showed that the developed instructional recommendations contribute to an increase in the effectiveness of the formation of practical skills and abilities in adolescents, while not significantly affecting the average grade points. The applied aspect of the problem under study can be implemented in the development of a complex of pedagogical strategies that ensure the effectiveness of the formation of practical skills and abilities in adolescent schoolchildren during laboratory lessons.

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