Inheritance and general combining ability studies of detached pod, leaf disc and natural field resistance to Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

ABSTRAKKlon kakao unggul berdaya hasil dan bermutu hasil tinggi sertaresisten terhadap penyakit utama perlu dikembangkan melalui pemuliaantanaman dan tersedianya informasi tentang parameter genetik diharapkandapat membantu memecahkan masalah tersebut. Pendugaan parametergenetik dapat dilakukan dengan analisis persilang dialel. Penelitianbertujuan untuk menduga parameter genetik ketahanan tanaman kakaoterhadap infeksi P. palmivora, menggunakan analisis persilangan setengahdialel. Bahan tanaman terdiri atas lima klon kakao (ICCRI 3, TSH 858,DR 1, ICS 13 dan Sca 6) yang tergolong rentan hingga tahan terhadapinfeksi P. palmivora yang digunakan sebagai tetua dan 10 galur hibrida F1hasil persilangan antar lima klon. Penelitian dilaksanakan di KebunPercobaan Kaliwining Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia,Jember, Jawa Timur dari tahun 2008 hingga 2009. Untuk setiap kombinasipersilangan dievaluasi 20 bibit dan diulang tiga kali. Untuk mengetahuirespon bibit hibrida F1 terhadap infeksi P. palmivora, daunnya diinokulasidengan inokulum zoospora dan disungkup dengan plastik untuk menjagakelembapannya (>90%). Pengamatan luas bercak akibat infeksi P.palmivora dilakukan enam hari setelah inokulasi dan digunakan untukmenghitung intensitas penyakit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwakakao klon DR 1, ICS 13, dan ICCRI 3 mempunyai DGU yang palingtinggi dibandingkan dengan tetua lainnya. Selanjutnya, persilangan antarklon kakao DR 1 x ICS 13, dan TSH 858 x Sca 6 mempunyai DGKtertinggi sehingga kombinasi persilangan ini berpeluang untuk menjadipenghasil hibrida baru yang resisten terhadap P. palmivora. Kombinasipersilangan yang menunjukkan nilai heterosis tertinggi adalah DR1 x ICS13, DR1 x Sca 6, dan ICS 13 x Sca 6.Kata kunci: Heterosis, hibrida F1, DGU, DGK, intensitas penyakitABSTRACTEstimation of Heterosis and Combining Ability forResistance Against Black Pod Disease (Phytophthorapalmivora) in Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)High yielding and disease resistance of cacao clone needs to bedeveloped through breeding program. Availability of genetic parametersfor various agronomic importance characters in cacao would be veryuseful and beneficial for cacao breeding activities. Estimation of variousgenetic parameters could be done by analyzing F1 arrays generated fromsemi-diallele crosses among a number of parents. The objectives of thisresearch were to estimate genetic parameters for resistance against P.palmivora infection in cacao using F1 arrays generated from semi-diallelecrosses among five cacao clones. Five cacao clones (DR 1, TSH 858, ICS13, ICCRI 3, and Sca 6), representing an arrays of clones with increasedresistance against P. palmivora infection, were used as parents to generate10 F1 hybrid arrays. This research was conducted at KaliwiningExperimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cacao Research Institute,Jember, Indonesia, during the period of 2008 to 2009. At most 20seedlings were evaluated for each F1 hybrid and the evaluation wasreplicated three times. To evaluate the response of the seedlings against P.palmivora infection, their leaves were inoculated with zoospore of P.palmivora. Relative humidity around inoculated leaves was maintained at>90% by wrapping them with plastic bag. The sizes of leaf necroseresponse due to P. palmivora infection were observed during six days afterinoculation and the disease intensity was calculated based on this recordedsymptoms. Results of the experiments indicated that cacao clones (DR 1,ICS 13, and ICCRI 3) were the highest in general combining ability(GCA) for resistance character than the other two clones. Moreover, F1hybrid originated from crosses between DR 1 x ICS 13, and TSH 858 xSca 6 were the highest in specific combining ability (SCA) for resistancecharacter. Therefore, this combination crosses might be used to developenew hybrid combinations resistance against P. palmivora infection.Combination crosses showing highest heterotic value for resistance againstP. palmivora infection were DR 1 x ICS 13, DR1 x Sca 6, and ICS 13 xSca 6.Key words : Heterotic effects, F1 hybrid array, GCA, SCA, diseaseintensity

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Effect of Fruiting Traits on the Field Resistance of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones to Phytophthora megakarya

Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.1111/j.1439-0434.2004.00895.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 152 (10) ◽

pp. 557-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. I. B. Efombagn ◽

J. P. Marelli ◽

M. Ducamp ◽

C. Cilas ◽

S. Nyasse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Field Resistance ◽

Phytophthora Megakarya ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

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Establecimiento de una metodología para la visualización y conteo cromosómico en Phytophthora megakarya y Phytophthora palmivora, patógenos del cacao de África

Revista Ecuatoriana de Medicina y Ciencias Biológicas ◽

10.26807/remcb.v32i1-2.212 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (1-2) ◽

pp. 59-66

Author(s):

Malena Martínez ◽

Michel Ducamp ◽

Samir Zambrano ◽

Mercedes Carranza

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Phytophthora Palmivora ◽

Phytophthora Megakarya ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

La “Mazorca Negra” es una enfermedad que afecta al cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), los agentes responsables son Phytophthora megakarya y Phytophthora palmivora. En África Central y Oeste, estos Oomycetes son responsables por la pérdida de más del 80% de producción. Esta investigación detalla una metodología estandarizada para la visualización y conteo de cromosomas de estas dos especies del género Phytophthora. El único órgano donde los cromosomas se diferencian en el momento de la meiosis es la “oospora”; de hecho, no se puede trabajar ni con los micelios ni con las esporas asexuales (esporangios y clamidosporas). Se ha mejorado las técnicas citológicas para obtención de oosporas; y la coloración nuclear “diamino -4, 6-phenylindol – 2 dichlorhydrate” (DAPI) jamás usada en los Oomycetes fue bien adaptada para visualizar los cromosomas de las dos especies de Phytophthora. Se contaron 5 a 6 cromosomas metafásicos en P. megakarya mientras que en P. palmivora entre 10 a 12. Sin embargo, se debe mejorar la técnica, separando la oospora de P. palmivora entre las esporas asexuales, para obtener un cultivo puro.

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Genetic diversity of native cultivated cacao accessions (Theobroma cacao L.) in Nicaragua

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262112000238 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 254-257

Author(s):

Erwin Aragon ◽

Claudia Rivera ◽

Helena Korpelainen ◽

Aldo Rojas ◽

Paula Elomaa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Phytophthora Palmivora ◽

Genetic Composition ◽

Breeding Programmes ◽

Black Pod ◽

Black Pod Disease ◽

Parental Lines ◽

Resistant Genotypes ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

A total of 60 farmers' cacao accessions (Theobroma cacao L.) from Nicaragua were investigated using microsatellite markers to reveal their genetic composition and to identify potentially resistant genotypes against the black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora. These accessions were compared with 21 breeders' accessions maintained locally, two Criollo accessions from Costa Rica and two accessions from Ecuador. The analyses showed a low level of differentiation among groups of farmers' accessions (FST = 0.06) and that six Nicaraguan accessions were genetically closely related to the two Criollo accessions used as a reference. In addition, seven distinct genotypes were found to have allelic composition that may indicate linkage to resistance alleles, thus being potential parental lines in future breeding programmes.

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The expression of pathogenicity-related genes in Phytophthora palmivora causing black pod rot disease on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Indonesia

Journal of Plant Interactions ◽

10.1080/17429145.2021.1942571 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 284-295

Author(s):

Masanto Masanto ◽

Arif Wibowo ◽

Nur Fathurahman Ridwan ◽

Widhi Dyah Sawitri ◽

Koji Kageyama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Phytophthora Palmivora ◽

Black Pod ◽

Rot Disease ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

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(Agronomical and anatomical study of resulted early cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) grafting

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v21i1.123 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Adi Prawoto ◽

Nurul Qomariyah ◽

Sri Rahayu ◽

Bambang Kusmanadhi

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Phytophthora Palmivora ◽

Graft Union ◽

Climate Type ◽

C And N ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Cocoa Plantation

Cocoa grafting and budding is usually carried out on 4-5 month old seedling, thus it needs 9-12 months to be ready tranplanted to the field. Effort to shorten time in the nursery can be done by early propagation. The aim of this research was to study effect of clones, tying and foliar application of grafsticks on the percentage of graftake. This study was carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station, 45 m a.s.l. and D climate type (Schmidt & Ferguson). First experiment was RCBD design and replicated 3 times, and factorial treatment 4 x 3. The first factor were clones, i.e. TSH 858, ICS 13, ICS 60 and DR 2, the second factor was grafstick wiring, i.e. without, wiring 2 and 4 weeks before using. The 2nd experiment using RCBD design replicated 3 times and factorial treatment 3 x 3 x 2. The first factor was clones, i.e. KW 162, KW 163 and KW 165; the second ones was wiring, i.e. without, wiring 2 and 4 weeks before using, and the 3rd factor was manuring, i.e. with and without foliar application. Rootstock was ICS 60 seedlings of 30 day old, and grafting method was cleft grafting above cotyledons. Variables observed include C and N total of the grafstick, percentage of graftake, shoot length, diameter, wet and dry weight. The result showed that because the grafstick flush periodically, graftstick wiring was not effective to increase total nutrient (C and N) on the grafstick. Furthermore, their effect on the graftake was not significant. Until 30 days first, percentage of graftake was 90-100%, but then decreased sharply to 30-60% depend on the clones. From the first experiment, DR 2 showed the highest graftake (62%), and KW 162 (39%) was the 2nd ones. Symptom on the death plants was started on the new leaves, that showed wilt, necrotic then fall. Isolation of those symptoms in the laboratory showed that Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora palmivora and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Anatomical analysis of the death graft union showed parenchymatous linked, weak and hollow when microtomised. Health union showed lignified accumulation that made tight union. It can be concluded that early cocoa grafting will success if the nursery is separated far from cocoa plantation, the medium is steril from soil borne disease, the graftstick is health, and tying of graft union must tight enough, then disease control must be done properly.Key Words : Theobroma cacao, clone, wiring, graft union, graftake.

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Combining Ability Analysis of Yield and Its Components in Cacao

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.115.3.509 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 115 (3) ◽

pp. 509-512 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Geok Yong Tan

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variability ◽

Combining Ability ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Female Parent ◽

General Combining Ability ◽

High Yield ◽

Combining Ability Analysis ◽

The Mean ◽

Female Male Female ◽

Bean Weight

Six Trinitario females of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) were crossed with nine Amazonian males in a factorial crossing design. The 54 hybrid progenies were used to estimate genetic variability due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for yield, pod production, pod weight, husk content, number of beans per pod, average bean weight, and pod value. The results demonstrated that GCA differed significantly for all characteristics from all three sources (Le., female + male, female, and male). SCA (female × male) was also significantly different for all characteristics. The ratio of GCA to SCA ranged from 7.1 for number of beans per pod to 25.7 for pod weight. This result suggested that a major portion of the genetic variability was additive in nature for these characteristics. Among the six Trinitarios, KA2-106 was the best female parent; it contributed high yield and all the desirable pod and bean characteristics into the hybrid progenies. Trinitario KA2-101 combined high pod production and yield, but tended to transmit below-average pod and bean characteristics to its progenies. Amazonians KEE6 and KEE12 were the two highest-yielding male parents, but had below-average bean number per pod and average bean weight. KEE42 and KEE43 combined high yield and transmitted good pod and bean characteristics to their progenies. Based on the GCA effects and the mean performance of the hybrid progenies, a multi-line cultivar consisting of 20 high-yielding crosses with good pod and bean characteristics is being produced in seed gardens for commercial planting.

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PENYAKIT BUSUK BUAH TANAMAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L. ) SERTA PERSENTASE SERANGANNYA DI DESA BETUNG KECAMATAN KUMPEH ILIR KABUPATEN MUARO JAMBI

Jurnal Media Pertanian ◽

10.33087/jagro.v2i2.41 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 98

Author(s):

Yuza Defitri

Keyword(s):

Random Sampling ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Phytophthora Palmivora ◽

Cocoa Farm ◽

Fruit Disease ◽

University Laboratory ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

Research on foul fruit disease of cacao plants (Theobroma cacao L.) was conducted in the Betung village, Kumpe hilir district , Muaro Jambi regency. This study aims to know about foul fruit diseases and its precentage of illness attacking. Simple Random Sampling was use to determine the samples in this research.The samples weredone in public cocoa farm, that had been stratified base on land passing in level. The symptoms foul fruit desease was observed caused by a phytopthorapalmivora fungus, and those data were entirely collected calculate followed by found out the precentage of attacking fruit. Identification of pathogenic disease was done at Batanghari University laboratory. The result showed that there were the attacking of foul fruit disease caused by a phytophthora palmivora fungus on passing in land was 60.4 % which was means it was hard level of disease as more than half cocoa fruit were foul. While it showed a light of disease attacking on unpassing in land.it’s only 7.32 % foul fruitKeywords : Foul Fruit Disease of Cacao Plants, Phytophthora palmivoraPenelitian ini untuk mengkaji penyakit busuk buah serta persentase serangannya pada tanaman Kakao (Theobroma cacao,L.), dilakukan di desa Betung, kecamatan Kumpeh Ilir kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode Simple Random Sampling, sampel tanaman dipilih secara acak di perkebunan kakao rakyat yang sebelumnya sudah dilakukan pengelompokan berdasarkan derajat keterawatan kebun. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap gejala penyakit busuk buah yang disebabkan oleh jamur Phytopthora palmivora, kemudian dikumpulkan data dengan menghitung seluruh buah baik yang sehat maupun yang sakit sehingga didapat persentase tanaman terserang. Identifikasi terhadap pathogen penyakit dilakukan di Laboratorium Universitas BatanghariHasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase serangan penyakit busuk buah yang disebabkan oleh jamur Phytophthora palmivora pada kebun yang tidak dirawat adalah 60.4 % yang berarti serangan penyakit ini termasuk berat karena lebih setengah buah kakao terserang penyakit. Sedangkan pada kebun yang dilakukan perawatan intensif serangan penyakit busuk buahnya 7.32 % ini berarti serangan penyakit ringan.Kata Kunci : Penyakit Busuk Buah Kakao, Phytophthora palmivora

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