theobroma cacao
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Author(s):  
Viviana Ceccarelli ◽  
Sphyros Lastra ◽  
Rey Gastón Loor Solórzano ◽  
Walter Wenceslao Chacón ◽  
Mario Nolasco ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Myriam Rojas ◽  
Arne Hommes ◽  
Hero Jan Heeres ◽  
Farid Chejne

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-94
Author(s):  
Tatiana Osorio Montoya ◽  
Ana María Henao Ramírez ◽  
Tatiana de la Hoz Vasquez ◽  
Aura Inés Urrea Trujillo

Toxics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Carla Calixta Calva Jiménez ◽  
Liliana Valentina Pinedo Fernández ◽  
Cristiano E. Rodrigues Reis

Carbonaceous and calcareous materials are commonly used as amendments to decrease the Cd mobility in contaminated soils. This study evaluated the effect of amendments applied to cocoa seedlings in the greenhouse, considering the mobilization of soil cadmium toward the seedlings as the main response. The experimental conditions considered soil artificially contaminated with Cd at a concentration of 50 mg Cd kg−1 and applications of amendments in different treatments with the presence of charcoal dust and calcium carbonate. The charcoal was characterized by microscopy and by adsorption tests, and it proved to be a material with macropores, with a maximum capacity of 8.06 mg Cd g−1 and favorable kinetic behavior according to the adjustment of the data obtained to the pseudo-second-order model. The results also showed that the application of liming decreased the mobility of Cd toward the seedlings, with the liming combined with charcoal leading to the absence of Cd in the cocoa seedlings, considering a residual concentration of Cd in the soil of 35 mg Cd kg−1. The results, although limited to a small scale, demonstrated the possibility of applying low-cost and easy-to-handle amendments for the control of Cd in cocoa plantations.


2022 ◽  
Vol 956 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
D Djufri ◽  
H Hasanuddin ◽  
A Abdullah ◽  
V R Puspa

Abstract A study entitled “Vegetation Analysis of the Forest Park of Pocut Meurah Intan, Seulawah Subdistrict of Aceh Besar, Aceh Province” has been conducted since April 2019 until November 2019. A transect method and squares were used in this study. The transect method was used to record species composition throughout the observation stations (inventory of species), including stands of pine (Pinus merkusii) with ten stations transect, stands of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla), stands of cacao (Theobroma cacao), and natural forests within a radius of 2 km around the THRPMI office. The squares method was used to record the species in the same locations to replicate each station by ten squares of samples for vegetation analysis. The parameters measured in the field were frequency, density, and dominance of each species. Analysis of vegetation covered Importance Values (IV), Diversity Index (H ’), and the Similarity Index (SI). Results showed that there were 49 familia found with the composition of species in the entire observation stations comprising of 111 species with 58 species of trees, 12 species of shrubs, and 41 species of herbs. Additionally, the results showed that the species of vegetation with the highest IV were coarse grass (Imperata cylindrica), lawn pait (Axonopus compresus), and selasi (Vernonia cinerea) with IV of 72.01, 65.34, and 57.24, respectively. Results of analysis Species Diversity Index (H ’) showed that the Pinus merkusii had H’ of 2,134, whereas Eucalyptus urophylla had H ’of 1.965, and Theobroma cacao had H’ of 1,067. The results of the analysis of Community Similarity Index showed that all stations had the same relative SI of 75%. It can be concluded that the species composition of the study area dominated by tree species, species diversity index (H ’) in all observation stations varied ranging from 1.067 to 2.134, and the relative Community Similarity Index was 75%.


Author(s):  
Rocio Reyna Soto Chochocca ◽  
Elena Gonzales Avila ◽  
Joel Hugo Fernandez Rojas ◽  
Julio Miguel Angeles Suazo ◽  
Alex Rubén Huamán De La Cruz ◽  
...  

Theobroma cacao is the main raw material to produce chocolate, as well as for use in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, Moniliophthora roreri is one of the most destructive fungal diseases and the main limiting of cacao production worldwide. Thus, this work aimed to assess the inhibitory effect of extracts of Zingiber officinale (T1) and Aloe vera (T2), and Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus subtillis. (T3) on Moniliophthora roreri infection in Theobroma cacao; in addition, a control (T4) was also evaluated. Each treatment was applied to six plants of cacao. Incidence of monilia infection and fruit weight were monitored every 15 days (in total four periods) after the application of the treatment by spray. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found among treatments for incidence. It was observed that spraying entire cacao trees after two times (approximately 30 days) showed a reduction of monilia infection. After all periods, T1, T2, and T3 showed an incidence of monilia infection by 20.5, 17.7, and 14.9% respectively, compared to cultural control of 41.1%. This reduction of moniliasis infection translates into an increase in fruit weight average for T3 (8.4 kg), T2 (7.3 kg), and T1 (6.9 kg). In contrast, in the control (T3), the fruit weight average decreased by 5.3 kg. Biological control showed efficient management of pathogens as M. roreri. It is recommended to use such antifungal (Aloe vera) spray over at least 120 days which would decrease infection incidence even more.


2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e4211124740
Author(s):  
Leandro Santos Silva ◽  
Flavio Santos Silva ◽  
Abraham Damian Giraldo Zuniga

O Cacau (Theobroma cacao), é uma cultura economicamente importante em vários países tropicais. No Brasil, a agroindústria do cacau ocupa lugar de expressão nas regiões norte e nordeste, que se destaca dentre aquelas utilizadas na produção de sementes, pois são utilizados como matéria-prima para fabricação do chocolate, sendo a polpa desses frutos pouco utilizada na indústria alimentícia. A cajá (Spondias mombin), tem vasta distribuição tropical, esta fruta encontra-se, hoje, cultivada nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, podendo ser conhecida também como taperebá, é de sabor, aroma e coloração adequada à conquista dos paladares mais exigentes. O estudo em questão objetivou caracterizar a polpa dos frutos de cacau e cajá, como também avaliação da cor. Os frutos foram coletados na cidade de Conceição do Araguaia (PA), e em seguida transportado para uma unidade de processamento de frutas sediado no mesmo município, aonde passou por processos tecnológicos para obtenção das polpas de frutas. Onde as mesmas foram encaminhadas e armazenadas em temperatura controlada no laboratório de tecnologia de frutas e hortaliças da Universidade Federal do Tocantins do Curso de Engenharia de Alimentos. As análises que foram realizadas nas polpas são: pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez, lipídios, umidade, sólidos totais, vitamina C, cinza, fibra total dentre outras e parâmetros instrumentais de cor (L, a*, b*, C e H), resultados obtidos, demonstraram que as polpas estão em conformidade com a Instrução normativa Nº 37/2018 do MAPA, para os parâmetros analíticos e quesitos complementares aos padrões de identidade e qualidade de polpa de fruta.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
YANDRY JAVIER RENGIFO ALAVA ◽  
Juan Carlos Macias Moreira ◽  
Sandra Isabel Mendoza Velez ◽  
Diana Marianella Pincay Figueroa
Keyword(s):  

A partir de cáscaras de cacao de la variedad nacional EET103, aplicando dos métodos de extracción: hidrólisis ácida e hidrólisis enzimática se obtuvo pectina, cuyos rendimientos se compararon mediante t-Student para identificar el método más eficiente; adicionalmente se caracterizó por espectrofotometría infrarroja los grupos funcionales con los picos representativos y con estos valores determinar el grado de esterificación de las pectinas extraídas. La comparación de medias arrojó diferencias significativas (p≤0,05) entre los métodos, determinando que la extracción ácida reportó rendimientos más altos. El análisis espectrofotómetro determinó áreas (cm-1) en las pectinas de extracción ácida y enzimática de 1720,47 y 1727,98 respectivamente en los grupos ésteres, 1632,10 y 1600,99 en los grupos ácidos, comparados con 1741,07 y 1637,95 de la pectina comercial, el GE de la pectina fue de 51,31% en ácida y 51,90% en enzimática. Para concluir, el método de extracción de hidrólisis ácido obtuvo mayor rendimiento que el método de hidrólisis enzimático, los picos de caracterización de los grupos funcionales comparten similitudes con los picos de la pectina comercial; y el GE en ambos métodos están por encima del 50%, colocándola como una pectina de alto metoxilo.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Garcia ◽  
Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida ◽  
Marcio Costa ◽  
Dahyana Britto ◽  
Fabio Correa ◽  
...  

Abstract Propagation by somatic embryogenesis in Theobroma cacao has some issues to be solved, as many morphologically abnormal somatic embryos that do not germinate into plants are frequently observed, thus hampering plant production on a commercial scale. For the first time the methylome landscape of T. cacao somatic embryogenesis was examined, using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing technique, with the aim to understand the epigenetic basis of somatic embryo abnormalities. We identified 873 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) in the CpG context between zygotic embryos, normal and abnormal somatic embryos, with important roles in development, programmed cell death, oxidative stress, and hypoxia induction, which can help to explain the morphological abnormalities of somatic embryos. We also identified the role of ethylene and its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate in several biological processes, such as hypoxia induction, cell differentiation and cell polarity, that could be associated to the development of abnormal somatic embryos. The biological processes and the hypothesis of ethylene and its precursor involvement in the somatic embryo abnormalities in cacao are discussed.


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