The Architecture of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Network Analysis Study

AbstractRates of subclinical symptoms and full-blown depression significantly increase during adolescence. Hence, understanding how multiple cognitive risk factors are related to depression in adolescence is of major importance. For this purpose, we simultaneously considered multiple cognitive vulnerabilities, as proposed by three major cognitive theories for depression, namely Beck’s cognitive theory, hopelessness theory, and response style theory. In this four-wave study, we investigated the architecture, interplay, and stability of cognitive vulnerability mechanisms, depressive symptoms, and stressors in a large group of adolescents over a period of one year (n = 469; mean age = 15 years; 64% female). Network analysis was used to shed light on the structure of cognitive vulnerabilities in a data-driven fashion. Analyses revealed that different cognitive vulnerabilities were intertwined and automatic thoughts played the role of hub node in the network. Moreover, the interplay among cognitive vulnerabilities and depressive symptoms was already markedly stable in adolescence and did not change over a 12-month period. Finally, no evidence was found that cognitive vulnerabilities interacted with stressors, as proposed by diathesis-stress models. These findings advance our understanding of multiple cognitive risk factors for depression in adolescence.

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The architecture of cognitive vulnerability to depressive symptoms in adolescence: A longitudinal network analysis study

10.31219/osf.io/7c3xj ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Igor Marchetti ◽

Patrick Pössel ◽

Ernst H. W. Koster

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Network Analysis ◽

Cognitive Theory ◽

Cognitive Vulnerability ◽

Automatic Thoughts ◽

Hopelessness Theory ◽

Cognitive Vulnerabilities ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Cognitive Risk Factors

Rates of subclinical symptoms and full-blown depression significantly increase during adolescence. Hence, understanding how multiple cognitive risk factors are related to depression in adolescence is of major importance. For this purpose, we simultaneously considered multiple cognitive vulnerabilities, as proposed by three major cognitive theories for depression, namely the Beck’s cognitive theory, the hopelessness theory, and the response style theory. In this four-wave study, we investigated the architecture and the stability of cognitive vulnerability mechanisms, depressive symptoms, and stressors in a large group of adolescents over a period of one year (n = 469; mean age = 15 years; 64% female). Network analysis was used to shed light on the structure of cognitive vulnerabilities in a data-driven fashion. Analyses revealed that the different cognitive vulnerabilities were intertwined and automatic thoughts played the role of hub node in the network. Moreover, the interplay among cognitive vulnerabilities and depressive symptoms was already markedly stable in adolescence and did not change over 12-month time. Finally, no evidence was found that cognitive vulnerabilities interacted with stressors, as proposed by diathesis-stress models. These findings advance our understanding of multiple cognitive risk factors for depression in adolescence.

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Cognitive Vulnerability and Unipolar Depression

The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199973965.013.13 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 141-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lauren B. Alloy ◽

Lyn Abramson ◽

Jonathan Stange ◽

Rachel Salk

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Theory ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Cognitive Vulnerability ◽

Unipolar Depression ◽

Dysfunctional Attitudes ◽

Negative Events ◽

Hopelessness Theory ◽

Cognitive Vulnerabilities ◽

Research Designs ◽

Self Worth

Maladaptive cognitive styles, including dysfunctional attitudes about our self-worth, the tendency to make negative inferences about the causes and consequences of negative events, and the tendency to ruminate about our sad mood, have been hypothesized to provide vulnerability to depression when individuals experience stressful life events. This chapter presents an overview of the three main cognitive vulnerability theories of depression, Beck’s Cognitive Theory, the Hopelessness Theory, and Response Styles Theory, which feature these three proposed cognitive vulnerabilities, respectively. The chapter describes each of these cognitive vulnerabilities, their measurement, and the types of research designs that have been employed to test the cognitive vulnerability theories. It also reviews the empirical evidence for each of these three forms of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Finally, the chapter highlights directions for further research.

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A Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Risks for Depressive Symptoms in Children and Young Adolescents

The Journal of Early Adolescence ◽

10.1177/0272431610376248 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 782-816 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

David A. Cole ◽

Farrah M. Jacquez ◽

Beth LaGrange ◽

Ashley Q. Pineda ◽

Alanna E. Truss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Attributional Style ◽

Cognitive Vulnerability ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Young Adolescents ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Cognitive Vulnerabilities ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Children And Young Adolescents ◽

Diathesis Stress Model

Youths with high ( N = 52) or low cognitive vulnerability ( N = 48) for depression were selected from a larger sample ( N = 515) of students (7-10 years old), based on their attributional style (AS), negative cognitions (NC), and/or self-competence (SC). Long-term effects of cognitive vulnerabilities on depressive symptoms were examined in a 3-year, three-wave, multi-informant, longitudinal design. Three findings emerged. First, some empirical overlap exists among these three types of cognitive diatheses, especially between NC and SC. Second, the combination of AS, NC, and SC had a significant (but diminishing) relationship to depressive symptoms at 6, 18, and 30 months, primarily due to NC and SC, not AS. Third, interactions between cognitive risk and life events were not significant, suggesting an additive type of diathesis-stress model for depression in young adolescents.

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Developmental Antecedents of the Looming Maladaptive Style: Parental Bonding and Parental Attachment Insecurity

Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1891/jcop.18.1.43.28050 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 43-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

John H. Riskind ◽

Nathan L. Williams ◽

Melissa D. Altman ◽

David O. Black ◽

Mark S. Balaban ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Parental Attachment ◽

Cognitive Theory ◽

Cognitive Vulnerability ◽

Parental Bonding ◽

Romantic Attachment ◽

Attachment Insecurity ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Developmental Antecedents ◽

Looming Maladaptive Style

Considerable research has supported links between disrupted parental bonding, attachment insecurity, and psychopathology. Still, few studies have attempted to integrate these findings within a broader cognitive theory of anxiety. Two studies are presented that examine the links between cognitive vulnerability to anxiety (i.e., the Looming Maladaptive Style: LMS) and parental bonding (Study 1) and perceived parental attachment orientations during childhood (Study 2). Results of Study 1 suggest that low levels of maternal overprotection and high levels of paternal overprotection significantly predict LMS scores, beyond the effects of current anxious and depressive symptoms. Results of Study 2 suggest that retrospective reports of maternal attachment insecurity are associated with significantly higher LMS scores, anxious and depressive symptoms, adult romantic attachment insecurity, and potentially high-risk relationship behaviors. These results are interpreted from the perspective of the Looming Vulnerability Model of anxiety and may increase understanding of the linkage between childhood developmental antecedents and cognitive risk for anxiety.

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Predicting On-Road Driving Skills, Fitness to Drive, and Prospective Accident Risk in Older Drivers and Drivers with Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Importance of Non-Cognitive Risk Factors

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-200943 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 401-414

Author(s):

Max Toepper ◽

Philipp Schulz ◽

Thomas Beblo ◽

Martin Driessen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Older Drivers ◽

Accident Risk ◽

Fitness To Drive ◽

Cognitive Predictors ◽

Driving Skills ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Cognitive Risk Factors

Background: On-road driving behavior can be impaired in older drivers and particularly in drivers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective: To determine whether cognitive and non-cognitive risk factors for driving safety may allow an accurate and economic prediction of on-road driving skills, fitness to drive, and prospective accident risk in healthy older drivers and drivers with MCI, we examined a representative combined sample of older drivers with and without MCI (N = 74) in an observational on-road study. In particular, we examined whether non-cognitive risk factors improve predictive accuracy provided by cognitive factors alone. Methods: Multiple and logistic hierarchical regression analyses were utilized to predict different driving outcomes. In all regression models, we included cognitive predictors alone in a first step and added non-cognitive predictors in a second step. Results: Results revealed that the combination of cognitive and non-cognitive risk factors significantly predicted driving skills (R2adjusted = 0.30) and fitness to drive (81.2% accuracy) as well as the number (R2adjusted = 0.21) and occurrence (88.3% accuracy) of prospective minor at-fault accidents within the next 12 months. In all analyses, the inclusion of non-cognitive risk factors led to a significant increase of explained variance in the different outcome variables. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a combination of the most robust cognitive and non-cognitive risk factors may allow an economic and accurate prediction of on-road driving performance and prospective accident risk in healthy older drivers and drivers with MCI. Therefore, non-cognitive risk factors appear to play an important role.

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Cognitive Risk Factors and Neuropsychological Performance in HIV Infection

International Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.3109/00207459309000557 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 70 (1-2) ◽

pp. 13-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Keith H. Claypoole ◽

Brenda D. Townes ◽

Ann C. Collier ◽

Christina Marra ◽

W. T. Longstreth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Neuropsychological Performance ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Cognitive Risk Factors

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Clinical and cognitive risk factors for psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a transversal and longitudinal approach

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry ◽

10.1007/s00787-013-0469-8 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 425-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Maude Schneider ◽

Marie Schaer ◽

A. Kadir Mutlu ◽

Sarah Menghetti ◽

Bronwyn Glaser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽

Deletion Syndrome ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

22Q11.2 Deletion ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Longitudinal Approach ◽

Cognitive Risk Factors

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Functional (psychogenic non-epileptic/dissociative) seizures: why and how?

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/jnnp-2021-326708 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. jnnp-2021-326708

Author(s):

Deniz Ertan ◽

Selma Aybek ◽

W Curt LaFrance, Jr. ◽

Kousuke Kanemoto ◽

Alexis Tarrada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multilevel Models ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Psychological Disorders ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Dissociative Seizures ◽

Cognitive Risk Factors

Functional seizures (FS) known also as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or dissociative seizures, present with ictal semiological manifestations, along with various comorbid neurological and psychological disorders. Terminology inconsistencies and discrepancies in nomenclatures of FS may reflect limitations in understanding the neuropsychiatric intricacies of this disorder. Psychological and neurobiological processes of FS are incompletely understood. Nevertheless, important advances have been made on underlying neuropsychopathophysiological mechanisms of FS. These advances provide valuable information about the underlying mechanisms of mind–body interactions. From this perspective, this narrative review summarises recent studies about aetiopathogenesis of FS at two levels: possible risk factors (why) and different aetiopathogenic models of FS (how). We divided possible risk factors for FS into three categories, namely neurobiological, psychological and cognitive risk factors. We also presented different models of FS based on psychological and neuroanatomical understanding, multilevel models and integrative understanding of FS. This work should help professionals to better understand current views on the multifactorial mechanisms involved in the development of FS. Shedding light on the different FS profiles in terms of aetiopathogenesis will help guide how best to direct therapy, based on these different underlying mechanisms.

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