Vínculos parentales tempranos y dependencia emocional en las relaciones de pareja de jóvenes universitarios panameños

Introducción: El vínculo parental nos habla de la percepción que se tiene sobre la conducta y actitud de uno o ambos padres en relación con aspectos de la infancia o adolescencia del sujeto. Este concepto está basado en la teoría del apego desarrollada por el psicoanalista inglés John Bowlby, el cual describe los efectos que producen las experiencias tempranas y la relación con la primera figura vincular en el desarrollo del niño. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la relación que existe entre los vínculos parentales tempranos y la dependencia emocional en las relaciones de pareja de jóvenes universitarios panameños. Materiales y método: Se realizó un estudio de diseño no experimental de tipo transeccional y relacional, fue aplicado a una muestra de 383 estudiantes universitarios de la República de Panamá. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el Instrumento de Vínculo Parental (Parental Bonding Instrument, PBI) de Parker, Tupling and Brown (1979) y el Inventario de Dependencia Emocional (IDE) creado por el psicólogo Jesús Joel Aiquipa Tello (2012). Los datos se analizaron de manera descriptiva y con el estadístico chi-cuadrado. Resultados: Aproximadamente la mitad de los participantes mostraron un nivel de dependencia emocional que reflejaba una vinculación afectiva patológica y no adaptativa en sus relaciones de pareja. Un porcentaje significativo de estos participantes también reflejó un apego inseguro hacia la figura paterna. Discusión: Los resultados encontrados coinciden con lo planteado por la literatura, que indica que las características, positivas o negativas del estilo de apego con nuestros padres o cuidadores en la infancia, van a determinar la calidad de nuestras relaciones afectivas en la vida adulta. Conclusiones: Existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel de dependencia emocional y el tipo de apego hacia los padres o cuidadores.

Problematic Internet Use amongst Chinese adolescents: Are relationships with parents important? (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Problematic internet use (PIU) is prevalent amongst Chinese adolescents. There is a need to better understand how parent-adolescent relationship quality is associated with adolescent PIU to guide the development of effective prevention and early intervention programs. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine parent-adolescent conflict and parental bonding as potential factors associated with adolescent PIU. METHODS A sample of 6552 students (age 10 to 19 years) from 22 schools in Guangdong, China, was recruited. Participants completed questionnaires measuring conflict (involving verbal conflict, emotional abuse, and physical abuse) and parental bonding with parents, and PIU. RESULTS Multiple regression analyses found that greater mother-adolescent conflict and father-adolescent conflict, and lower levels of parental bonding were associated with higher levels of PIU. The association of mother-adolescent conflict with PIU was stronger in older students than younger students, while the association of father-adolescent conflict with PIU was stronger in male students than female students. Compared to those who reported no mother-adolescent conflict, participants who experienced verbal conflict and emotional abuse, but not physical abuse from their mothers, reported higher levels of PIU. Compared to those who reported no father-adolescent conflict, participants who experienced verbal conflict, emotional abuse and physical abuse from their fathers were subject to significantly higher levels of PIU. CONCLUSIONS These findings point to the value of interventions to reduce parental verbal conflict, emotional abuse and physical abuse and to increase parental bonding to lower the risk of PIU in Chinese adolescents.

Einbezug der Väter in die stationäre Mutter-Kind-Therapie: „Mit Papa geht es besser“

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Obwohl Forschungsbefunde auf einen großen väterlichen Einfluss hinweisen, gibt es bislang kaum Interventionsprogramme und wissenschaftliche Studien, die den systematischen Einbezug von Vätern in die stationäre Mutter-Kind-Behandlung zum Gegenstand haben. Ziel der Arbeit Die Studie untersucht, wie sich der Einbezug von Vätern auf das Outcome stationärer Mutter-Kind-Behandlungen bei postpartalen psychischen Störungen auswirkt. In dieser Pilotstudie wird das Programm „Mit Papa geht es besser“ vorgestellt. Methodik Fünfzehn Partner/Kindsväter von behandelten Mutter-Kind-Dyaden durchliefen ein strukturiertes Begleitprogramm parallel zur Mutter-Kind-Behandlung („Mit Papa geht es besser“). Die Mütter in Behandlung wurden in einem Prä-post-Design zu ihrer Symptomatik (Symptom-Checklist 90, SCL-90), Mutter-Kind-Bindung (Parental Bonding Questionnaire, PBQ) und Partnerschaftszufriedenheit (Kurzversion des Partnerschaftsfragebogens, PFB-K) befragt. Diese Gruppe wurden mit einer historischen Kontrollgruppe von 30 behandelten Müttern verglichen, die die Behandlung wie bisher („treatment as usual“, TAU) durchliefen. Die Gruppen wurden post hoc mithilfe einer „Inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighting“(IPTW)-Schätzung von Propensity Scores (PS) balanciert. Ergebnisse Mütter in allen Versuchsbedingungen profitierten von der stationären Behandlung. Mütter in der Interventionsgruppe wiesen im Hinblick auf die Zielvariablen ein tendenziell verbessertes Outcome auf, insbesondere für die Veränderung der Partnerschaftszufriedenheit, die Unterschiede erreichten aber keine statistische Signifikanz. Schlussfolgerung Die Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass Mütter in stationärer Mutter-Kind-Behandlung vom Einbezug der Väter profitieren könnten. Die Intervention soll nun im Rahmen eines randomisierten kontrollierten Studiendesigns an einer größeren Stichprobe auf ihre Wirksamkeit überprüft werden.

Impact of parental bonding on academic resilience

Parent-child relationships are silent predictors for fostering the resilience in the academic arena of children. Parental bonding denotes the intensive attachment that develops between parental and their children through the process of mutual relations. In the field of academic it removes the adversity on part of child and makes him capable to face the academic and personal challenges effectively. Parental bonding emerged as an effective temperament that influences the academic associated activities of the child. It provides an anti-maltreatment approach for shaping the physical, psychological and academic capital of students. The survival and development of the child is mainly based on parental bonding. Parental bonding provides an abundant opportunity for children to boast their own pace in the field of learning. Parental bonding as a life span development has deeply rooted right from the infancy stage to last moments of life by establishing toddler relationship with mother father of primary caregiver. In the later stages of life, parental bonding gradually develops the resilience among children and make them enough competent to cope the stress and challenges in the field of academies. Indian education system is at stake because there is prevalence of heavy overload of academics and tough competition.

Il benessere psicologico dei caregiver di pazienti con gravi disturbi psichiatrici: uno studio osservazionale

La presente ricerca esplora alcune caratteristiche psicologiche presenti nei fratelli con funzione di caregiver di pazienti con gravi patologie psichiche. Gli autori si focalizzano su aspetti quali la percezione della relazione con le figure genitoriali, le esperienze traumatiche, i tratti di personalità e alcune caratteristiche psicosociali. Il campione è costituito da 60 partecipanti: 30 fratelli di persone con gravi patologie psichiatriche (Gruppo A), reperiti all'interno di associazioni di fami liari e servizi psichiatrici territoriali, e 30 partecipanti del gruppo di controllo (Gruppo B) reclutati bilanciandoli al gruppo A in termini di caratteristiche; i partecipanti di entrambi i gruppi risultano residenti al Nord Italia. Sono stati impiegati i seguenti questionari self-report: il Parental Bonding Instrument- PBI, il Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2-MMPI-2, l'Inventario delle Esperienze Traumatiche- TEC e un Questionario anamnestico. I risultati mettono in luce come i fratelli caregiver di persone con grave disagio psichico presentino diverse caratteristiche peculiari rispetto al gruppo di controllo; ci si riferisce, in particolare, alle caratteristiche della struttura familiare, alle difficoltà relazionali con le figure genitoriali e alle esperienze traumatiche vissute a livello familiare.

The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study

Background Parenting styles play a critical role in children’s development, especially for those in families with a depressed parent. To date, no study has explored whether youth perceptions of parenting style are heterogeneous in families with a depressed parent or whether heterogeneous parenting styles are associated with children’s internalizing symptoms. Methods Participants were children aged 8–16 years who had a parent with major depressive disorder; they were enrolled through their parents, who were outpatients at two hospitals in Ningxia. Parenting styles were measured using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Youth depression and anxiety were measured using the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children and the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders, respectively. We applied latent profile analysis to identify the subtypes of parenting styles with similar patterns. Differences between subtypes in relation to demographic variables and parenting style scores were calculated using one-way ANOVAs, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and chi-squared tests. Bivariate logistic analyses were conducted to examine the associations between parental bonding subtypes and children’s depression and anxiety. Results Four parenting styles were identified through latent profile analysis: care-autonomy, overprotection-indifference, indifference, and undifferentiated parenting. Youth with care-autonomy parents had a lower risk of depression (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.06–0.41) and anxiety (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.10–0.48), while indifference parenting increased children’s risk of depression (OR: 5.29; 95% CI: 1.30–21.54) more than undifferentiated parenting. Conclusions Children with a depressed parent had heterogeneous perceptions of parenting styles. Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles were largely congruent. Care-autonomy parenting (high care and high autonomy) may decrease children’s risk of depression, whereas indifference parenting (low care and autonomy) may increase their risk of depression.

A cross-cultural study of the effect of parental bonding on the perception and response to criticism in Singapore, Italy and USA

Parents play a primary and crucial role in emotional socialisation processes in children where individuals learn the expression, understanding and regulation of emotions. Parenting practices and dimensions of the parent-child relationship have been associated with social and emotional processes in children. As criticism involves negative emotional reactions and emotion regulation, the parent-child relationship is likely to influence an individual’s perception and response to criticism. Hence, the present study investigated the relationship of parental bonding and the perception and response to criticism in three different countries–Singapore, Italy and USA. Adult participants (n = 444) completed the Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) and measures of criticism. Parental care, overprotection and country were found to be significant predictors of a tendency to perceive criticism as destructive. Higher levels of parental care predicted a lower tendency to perceive criticism as destructive while higher levels of parental overprotection predicted a higher tendency to perceive criticism as destructive. US American participants were found to have a significantly higher tendency to perceive criticism as destructive compared to Italian and Singaporean participants. The findings align with past research on the role of the parent-child relationship in the socio-emotional development of children as well as providing insight into a specific aspect in social interaction; perception and response to criticism, being affected. Future studies can look to investigate this relationship further in different countries in light of cultural variation in parenting styles and emotion experience, expression and regulation.

Psychological Constructs and Dysfunctional Eating in Pakistani University Students

The present study aims to test a model that seeks to explainhow Parental Bonding and Loneliness may be responsible in the developmentof Dysfunctional Eating Patterns such as Cognitive Restraint,Emotional Eating, Uncontrolled Eating, Drive toward Thinness, Bulimiaand Dissatisfaction with Body Image. It was further hypothesizedthat Metacognitions, Core beliefs andMeta-Emotions would mediate between Loneliness, ParentalBonding, and the aforementioned Dysfunctional Eating Patterns. Correlationalresearch design has been used. A sample of 210 university studentswas selected from government and private universities. Urdu translated versionsof UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R-18,Eating Disorders Inventory-3, Parental Bonding Inventory, Beliefsabout Emotions Scale, Eating Disorders Belief Questionnaire andMetacognitions Questionnaire were used for assessment purposes.Correlational Analysis, and Multiple Hierarchical Regressionwere used to analyze the data. Almost all dimensions of ParentalBonding showed significant relationship with some patterns of DysfunctionalEating. Loneliness did not show any significant correlation withDysfunctional Eating. None of the hypothesized mediators(Metacognitions, Meta-Emotions and Core Beliefs) mediated therelationship between Parental Bonding dimensions and patterns ofDysfunctional Eating, yet some interesting relationships emerged. The findings of this research can help in understanding the culturaldifferences between East and West. Possible reasons why results could notsupport the previous literature are discussed.