The Children’s Empathy Quotient and Systemizing Quotient: Sex Differences in Typical Development and in Autism Spectrum Conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1509-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Auyeung ◽  
Sally Wheelwright ◽  
Carrie Allison ◽  
Matthew Atkinson ◽  
Nelum Samarawickrema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Empathy Quotient

scholarly journals Relations between intensionality, theory of mind and complex syntax in autism spectrum conditions and typical development

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 101071
Author(s):  
Kristen Schroeder ◽  
Stephanie Durrleman ◽  
Derya Çokal ◽  
Annabel Sanfeliu Delgado ◽  
Adela Masana Marin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Complex Syntax

scholarly journals Profil Gaya Kognitif Empathizing-Systemizing pada Anak Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Adelia Kesumaningsari
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Autism Spectrum Condition ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Features ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Spectrum Condition

Abstract—The present study examined Empathizing-Systemizing Theory (E-S Theory) in Indonesian Children. E-S Theory has known as a theory that is attempted to explain the cluster of both the social and non-social features in autism spectrum conditions. Children’s version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-C) and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ-C) were administered to 372 Indonesia parents who had typically developed children aged 4-11 years old (boys = 182, girls = 190). The results showed that the girls scored higher that boys on EQ-C . In the case of SQ-C, there were no differences between boys and girls. However, the proportion of cognitive style shows clear individual differences between boys and girls. The proportion of participants with empathizing dominant cognitive sytle was shown higher by girls than boys, which distributed to E and Extreme E brain types, while the proportion of systemizing dominant cognitive styles is higher in boys whom brain types spread across the Type S and Extreme S categories. This study explaining inherited biological factors of autism and  underscore the vulnerability among  boys to develop autism spectrum condition if compared to girls. Keywords: Empathizing Quotient (EQ), extreme male brain of autism, sex, Systemizing Quotient (SQ)   Abstrak—Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji teori Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S Theory) pada konteks anak Indonesia. E-S Theory dikenal sebagai sebuah teori yang digunakan untuk melihat gugus fitur sosial dan non-sosial kondisi spektrum autisme. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 372 orang tua Indonesia dengan anak berusia 4-11 tahun (anak laki-laki = 182, perempuan = 190), M usia = 7 Tahun, SD= 2.423 yang diminta untuk mengisi skala Empathizing Quotient (EQ) dan Systemizing Quotient (SQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahwa tingkat empati anak perempuan lebih tinggi daripada tingkat empati anak laki-laki. Dalam hal mensistemasi tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan kemampuan antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Namun, proporsi gaya kognitif menunjukkan adanya perbedaan individual yang signifikan antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Gaya kognitif dominan berempati lebih tinggi pada anak perempuan, yang tersebar pada kategori tipe otak E dan Ekstrim E, sedangkan proporsi gaya kognitif mensistemasi lebih tinggi pada anak laki-laki dengan tipe otak yang tersebar pada kategori Tipe S dan Ekstrim S.  Hasil penelitian ini memberikan bukti adanya faktor biologis bawaan dari autism ditinjau dari jenis kelamin dan menunjukkan kerentanan bawaan anak laki-laki terhadap kondisi autism jika dibandingkan dengan anak perempuan. Kata kunci: Empathizing Quotient (EQ), extreme male brain of autism, jenis kelamin, Systemizing Quotient (SQ)

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Functional Connectivity of the Salience, Default Mode, and Central Executive Networks in Youth with ASD

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 5107-5120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E Lawrence ◽  
Leanna M Hernandez ◽  
Hilary C Bowman ◽  
Namita T Padgaonkar ◽  
Emily Fuster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Central Executive ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Matched Sample ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Default Mode

Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with the altered functional connectivity of 3 neurocognitive networks that are hypothesized to be central to the symptomatology of ASD: the salience network (SN), default mode network (DMN), and central executive network (CEN). Due to the considerably higher prevalence of ASD in males, however, previous studies examining these networks in ASD have used primarily male samples. It is thus unknown how these networks may be differentially impacted among females with ASD compared to males with ASD, and how such differences may compare to those observed in neurotypical individuals. Here, we investigated the functional connectivity of the SN, DMN, and CEN in a large, well-matched sample of girls and boys with and without ASD (169 youth, ages 8–17). Girls with ASD displayed greater functional connectivity between the DMN and CEN than boys with ASD, whereas typically developing girls and boys differed in SN functional connectivity only. Together, these results demonstrate that youth with ASD exhibit altered sex differences in these networks relative to what is observed in typical development, and highlight the importance of considering sex-related biological factors and participant sex when characterizing the neural mechanisms underlying ASD.

scholarly journals Sex differences in frontal lobe connectivity in adults with autism spectrum conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e1090-e1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Zeestraten ◽  
◽  
M C Gudbrandsen ◽  
E Daly ◽  
M T de Schotten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Adults With Autism

scholarly journals Empathising and systematising in children with and without autism spectrum disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Alev Girli ◽  
Filiz Karadağ ◽  
Burak Karabey
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Turkish Culture ◽  
Development Processes

It is known that children with autism are insufficient in building empathy. A part of the difficulties in social interaction may originate from the lack of empathy. This research consists of two studies. First study is adaptation of the “Child Empathy Systemizing Quotient” (EQ-SQ) to Turkish culture which is prepared considering the behaviour characteristics of children in the Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) group, and realizing its validity and reliability. This research is conducted with 760 children with typical development processes, aged 9 – 16. The findings show that the Turkish EQ-SQ is a valid and reliable tool. The second study is conducted with 112 children, 32 of them having ASC and 80 not. Through this quotient, the empathy and systematizing abilities of children with ASC are compared with their peers who demonstrate typical development processes. The EQ-SQ levels of the participants are evaluated with their mothers and their demographical values are taken from the mothers. In line with the findings in the literature, the empathy skills of children diagnosed with ASC are significantly lower than children with typical development processes. Among the children with typical development processes, females’ empathy skills are shown to be significantly higher than males. 

Empathic disequilibrium in two different measures of empathy predicts autistic traits in neurotypical population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ido Shalev ◽  
Florina Uzefovsky
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Autism Spectrum Quotient ◽  
Empathy Score ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Social Difficulties

Background. Features of autism spectrum conditions (ASC) are normally distributed within the population, giving rise to the notion of the autistic spectrum. One of the hallmark features of ASC is difficulties in social communication, which relies heavily on our ability to empathize with others. Empathy comprises of both cognitive (CE) and emotional (EE) components that, together, allow us to understand another's emotions and be affected by them appropriately, while maintaining a self-other distinction. Although CE and EE depend on distinct neural and developmental trajectories, it was suggested that the two empathic capacities can influence, balance, and regulate each other. Previous findings regarding the role of emotional and cognitive empathy in ASC have been mixed. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate whether the intra-personal empathy imbalance between the cognitive and emotional components, a measure we termed empathic disequilibrium (ED), can be associated with autistic traits at the neurotypical range.Methods. Participants were 671 neurotypical young-adults who self-reported their empathy, assessed using two highly validated questionnaires - the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Empathy Quotient, autistic traits using the Autism spectrum quotient, and the related traits, alexithymia, and systemizing.Results. Controlling for the total empathy score, greater ED was found to be positively correlated with autistic traits. Specifically, autistic traits were found to be elevated in groups of individuals with relatively higher EE than CE, underscoring their imbalance.Conclusions. Our study offers a novel perspective on the understanding of the social difficulties associated with autistic tendencies in the general population, and has potentially important clinical implications for understanding of ASC. We also propose a novel characterization of ASC based on the imbalance between EE and CE, which we term ED, as opposed to examining EE and CE separately.

scholarly journals The bumpy road to adulthood; pubertal development in autism spectrum conditions and its relation to mental health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabeth Groenman ◽  
saskia van der oord ◽  
Hilde Geurts
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity

Background: Adolescence is a period of social, psychological, and physiological change, including the onset of puberty. Differential pubertal onset has been linked to a myriad of problems, including mental health problems. In autism spectrum conditions (ASC) deviating pubertal development has been reported. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to examine the effect that pubertal timing has in ASC teens.Methods: 68 individuals (nASC= 34, nCOM (comparisons) = 34) aged 12 to 16 years were administered test concerning pubertal development and mental health (i.e., sensory sensitivity, autistic traits, depression, anxiety, and externalizing problems). We examined whether there was evidence for deviating pubertal development in ASC, and whether this asynchronicity was linked to mental health problems. Results: Our statistical (Frequentist and Bayesian) analyses revealed earlier onset and slower development of pubertal development in ASC and we did not find any sex differences. This maturation disparity was linked to higher mental health problems in ASC, but not in COM. No sex differences in the relation with mental health outcomes was found. Conclusions: We found evidence for a slower development of “true” puberty in those with ASC compared to those without. Moreover, we show that disparities in pubertal development are related to mental health in ASC, suggesting a greater impact on mental health in autistic than in non-autistic teens. Longitudinal studies are necessary to elucidate important developmental trajectories in puberty in neurodiverse populations.Keywords: autism spectrum conditions; puberty, pubertal development, mental health, sex differences

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