The Role of Eye-Movements in Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Eye-Movements Lower the Number of Intrusive Thoughts of Negative Memories

<p>Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was developed as a treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and involves the patient thinking about a traumatic event while simultaneously moving their eyes from side to side. Despite substantial support for the efficacy of EMDR questions remain regarding how eye-movements contribute to therapy. One explanation is that eye-movements tax a part of working memory known as the central executive; however, the exact mechanism involved is still unclear. Previous eye-movement research has focussed on self-ratings of vividness and emotionality of negative memories as the primary outcome measures. The focus of the current research was to examine the effect of eye-movements on the suppression of negative autobiographical memories in addition to vividness and emotionality. Non-clinical participants were asked to recall negative autobiographical memories and then verbally reported ratings of vividness and emotionality. In the eye-movement conditions, which varied by speed and direction of movement, eye-movements were stimulated using dots on a computer screen. Participants were then asked to avoid thinking of their memories, and intrusive thoughts were measured by pressing a computer key. Six experiments found that, overall, the effect of eye-movements on self-ratings was inconsistent, but that eye-movements reliably improved suppression of negative autobiographical memories. The findings also support the central executive explanation for the effectiveness of eye-movements in EMDR.</p>

The Role of Eye-Movements in Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Eye-Movements Lower the Number of Intrusive Thoughts of Negative Memories

<p>Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was developed as a treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and involves the patient thinking about a traumatic event while simultaneously moving their eyes from side to side. Despite substantial support for the efficacy of EMDR questions remain regarding how eye-movements contribute to therapy. One explanation is that eye-movements tax a part of working memory known as the central executive; however, the exact mechanism involved is still unclear. Previous eye-movement research has focussed on self-ratings of vividness and emotionality of negative memories as the primary outcome measures. The focus of the current research was to examine the effect of eye-movements on the suppression of negative autobiographical memories in addition to vividness and emotionality. Non-clinical participants were asked to recall negative autobiographical memories and then verbally reported ratings of vividness and emotionality. In the eye-movement conditions, which varied by speed and direction of movement, eye-movements were stimulated using dots on a computer screen. Participants were then asked to avoid thinking of their memories, and intrusive thoughts were measured by pressing a computer key. Six experiments found that, overall, the effect of eye-movements on self-ratings was inconsistent, but that eye-movements reliably improved suppression of negative autobiographical memories. The findings also support the central executive explanation for the effectiveness of eye-movements in EMDR.</p>

Disrupted controlling mechanism of salience network on default-mode network and central-executive network in schizophrenia

Neuroimaging studies suggest that the human brain consists of intrinsically organized large-scale neural networks. Among those networks, the interplay among default-mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and central-executive network (CEN)has been widely employed to understand the functional interaction patterns in health and diseases. This triple network model suggests that SN causally controls DMN and CEN in healthy individuals. This interaction is often referred to as the dynamic controlling mechanism of SN. However, such interactions are not well understood in individuals with schizophrenia. In this study, we leveraged resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of schizophrenia (n = 67) and healthy controls (n = 81) to evaluate the functional interactions among DMN, SN, and CEN using dynamical causal modeling. In healthy controls, our analyses replicated previous findings that SN regulates DMN and CEN activities (Mann-Whitney U test; p < 10−8). In schizophrenia, however, our analyses revealed the disrupted SN-based controlling mechanism on DMN and CEN (Mann-Whitney U test; p < 10−16). These results indicate that the disrupted controlling mechanism of SN on two other neural networks may be a candidate neuroimaging phenotype in schizophrenia.

The first women-deputies in the Supreme Soviet of the BSSR of the first convocation

The article, based on the introduction into scientific field a wide range of unknown sources, first shows the holding of elections and the election of deputies to the Supreme Soviet of the BSSR of the first convocation of 1938. The author considers the legal basis for theof the Central Executive Committee of the BSSR and the creation in accordance with the Constitution of the BSSR 1937 the highest legislative body of the republic – the Supreme Soviet. The author examines the policy of the Soviet government to include women to government and government bodies. A quantitative, social, educational analysis of women-deputies in the highest legislative body of the BSSR of the first convocation was carried out

The Evolution of Working Memory

In this chapter, we suggest that a specific cognitive ability, an enhancement to working memory, was one of the key evolutionary acquisitions in human cognition, and indeed may even be the smoking gun of modernity. We demonstrate that Baddeley’s central executive, a key component of his Working Memory (WM) model, is synonymous with the basic executive functions that underlie the more complex ones such as planning. We then discuss the importance of WM to the modern mind, and how WM might be reflected in the archaeological record.

CNTM-01. Evaluating Traditional and Non-Traditional Eloquent Areas in Patients with Brain Tumors: Large-scale Network Analysis Using a Machine Learning-Based Platform

BACKGROUND Developing mapping tools that allow identification of traditional or non-traditional eloquent areas is necessary to minimize the risk of postoperative neurologic deficits. The objective of our study is to evaluate the use of a novel cloud-based platform that uses machine learning to identify cerebral networks in patients with brain tumors. METHODS We retrospectively included all adult patients who underwent surgery for brain tumor resection or thermal ablation at our Institution between the 16th of February and the 15th of May of 2021. Pre and postoperative contrast-enhanced MRI with T1-weighted and high-resolution Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) sequences were uploaded into the Quicktome platform. After processing the data, we categorized the integrity of seven large-scale brain networks: sensorimotor, visual, ventral attention, central executive, default mode, dorsal attention and limbic. Affected networks were correlated with pre and postoperative clinical data, including neurologic deficits. RESULTS Thirty-five (35) patients were included in the study. The average age of the sample was 63.2 years, and 51.4% (n=18) were females. The most affected network was the central executive network (40%), followed by the dorsal attention and default mode networks (31.4%), while the least affected were the visual (11%) and ventral attention networks (17%). Patients with preoperative deficits showed a significantly higher number of altered networks before the surgery (p=0.021), compared to patients without deficits. In addition, we found that patients without neurologic deficits had an average of 2.06 large-scale networks affected, with 75% of them not being related to traditional eloquent areas as the sensorimotor, language or visual circuits. CONCLUSIONS The Quicktome platform is a practical tool that allows automatic visualization of large-scale brain networks in patients with brain tumors. Although further studies are needed, it may assist in the surgical management of traditional and non-traditional eloquent areas.

Ethnopolitical views of Grigory Ivanovich Borisov (Stary)

Grigory Ivanovich Borisov, party alias Stary (Old) was born in the Bendery district of Bessarabia on December 9, 1880. He was forced to work from the age of seven. Since 1900, G. I. Stary took part in the revolutionary movement. For active participation in clandestine activities, he was repeatedly arrested by the police and served sentences in various prisons of tsarist Russia. G. I. Stary made a great contribution to the creation and development of the Moldovan ASSR. In 1924, he was appointed chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee of the Autonomous Republic. Then G. I. Stary was elected chairman of the Central Executive Committee. In 1926–1928 and 1932–1937, he worked as chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the MASSR. Contemporaries assessed his position on the issue of “Moldovans or Romanians” as ambivalent. G. I. Stary denied accusations of opposing the indigenous policy: “It is wrong that I am against Moldovanization. I only take into account the difficulties, and this is taken as resistance”. He was repressed in 1937 and rehabilitated in 1955. The article was written on the basis of materials from the Soviet secret police (NKVD) archive.