Are Social Norms Associated with Married Women’s Labor Force Participation? A Comparison of Japan and the United States

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Li ◽  
Kunio Urakawa ◽  
Fumihiko Suga
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

scholarly journals Cultural Change as Learning: The Evolution of Female Labor Force Participation over a Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 472-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Fernández
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intergenerational Learning ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

This paper develops a learning model of cultural change to investigate why women's labor force participation (LFP) and attitudes toward women's work both changed dramatically. In the model, women's beliefs about the long-run payoff from working evolve endogenously via an intergenerational learning process. This process generically generates the data's S-shaped LFP curve and introduces a novel role for wage changes via their effect on the speed of intergenerational learning. The calibrated model does a good job of replicating the evolution of female LFP in the United States over the last 120 years and finds that the new role for wages was quantitatively significant.

Spending on Children across Four Countries: Variation in the Role of Income and Women’s Labor Force Participation

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-587
Author(s):  
Sabino Kornrich ◽  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
Trude Lappegård
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Public Provision ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

Abstract Scholars have recently documented inequalities in parents’ spending on children in the United States. This article situates these trends cross-nationally by using expenditure data from the United States, Australia, Spain, and Norway. The article investigates differences across countries in the links between household income, female labor force participation, and spending on children. The links between income, female labor force participation, and spending are largest in the United States and smallest in Norway, while Spain and Australia are intermediate cases, suggesting that public provision lessens inequalities in parental spending on children.

scholarly journals Unilateral Divorce, the Decreasing Gender Gap, and Married Women's Labor Force Participation

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Fernández ◽  
Joyce Wong
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Unilateral Divorce ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

Married women's labor force participation (LFP) increased dramatically in the United States between the 1940 and 1960 cohort. The two cohorts lived under different divorce regimes (unilateral divorce rather than mutual consent). The 1960 cohort also had a lower gender wage gap. We use a quantitative dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marital status, calibrated to key statistics for the 1940 cohort, to study the effects of these two changes. We find that both drivers combined are able to account for over 50 percent of the increase in married women's LFP and also generate large movements in marriage and divorce rates.

scholarly journals The impact of sectoral shifts on Dutch unmarried women’s labor force participation, 1812–1929

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Boter ◽  
Pieter Woltjer
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Sectoral Shifts ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract During the nineteenth century, Dutch female labor force participation (FLFP) was relatively low. Most scholars argue that social norms and rising wages were driving this development. However, their conclusions principally apply to married women. We study unmarried women’s LFP (UFLFP) and investigate a third driver: shifting sectoral employment shares. We include all three drivers in a logistic regression based on nearly 2 million marriage records from 1812 to 1929. We conclude that social norms and income levels mattered, but that shifting sectoral employment shares were driving the decline in UFLFP because sectors with low demand for female laborers expanded.

Labor Market Assimilation of Immigrant Women

ILR Review ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Schoeni
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Life Cycle Patterns ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

Using 1970, 1980, and 1990 U.S. census data, the author examines the life-cycle patterns of immigrant women's labor force participation. He finds that the cross-sectional approach that has been used in all previous studies leads to a substantial over-estimate of the degree to which immigrant women's assimilation increases their labor force participation. The effect of assimilation found by using the cohort approach, however (which acknowledges the possibility that patterns of labor force participation partly reflect the year of immigration), is still sizable. The effect is concentrated within the first 10 years after arrival. There are substantial differences in participation and assimilation by country of birth. Immigrants from Japan, Korea, and China are found to have experienced the greatest degree of assimilation, with an effect that raises the probability of working by 20 percentage points during the first 10 years after arriving in the United States.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document