scholarly journals Income-dependent equivalence scales: A fresh look at German micro-data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Marvin Garbuszus ◽  
Notburga Ott ◽  
Sebastian Pehle ◽  
Martin Werding
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Equivalence Scales ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Household Type ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Equivalence Scale

AbstractIncome inequality and poverty risks receive a lot of attention in public debates and current research. To make income comparable across different types of households, applying the “(modified) OECD scale” – an equivalence scale with fixed weights for each household type – has become a quasi-standard in research. Instead, we derive a base-dependent equivalence scale allowing for scale weights that vary with income, building on micro-data from Germany. Our results suggest that appropriate equivalence scales are much steeper at the lower end of the income distribution than they are for higher income levels. We illustrate our findings by applying them to data on family income differentiated by household types. It turns out that using income-dependent equivalence scales matters for applied research on income inequality, especially if one is concerned with the composition, not just the size of the population at poverty risk.

scholarly journals The Rising Instability of U.S. Earnings

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Gottschalk ◽  
Robert Moffitt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Family Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Earnings Instability ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Income Instability

The inequality of earnings and of family incomes in the United States has increased since the late 1970s. The large rise in earnings inequality between the 1970s and the 1990s could reflect either a rise in disparity of permanent incomes, a rise in earnings instability, or some portion of both. In this paper, we provide longitudinal measures that separate changes in income inequality into changes that permanently change income to new levels and those that only reflect transitory change. We refer to the latter as changes in “income instability” and discuss how the instability of individual earnings and family income in the United States has evolved— as whole as well as for different types of individuals and families—over the last quarter century. We consider alternative definitions of instability that have been proposed, and establish that all studies find that instability is considerably higher today than in the mid-1970s. This increase in instability is not a recent phenomenon. Earnings instability rose sharply in the late 1970s and early 1980s, then stabilized at these high levels through the recent period, although it may be increasing once again. We also discuss the factors that may be driving this increase in instability.

SMALL CATAMARANS: DESIGN APPROACHES AND CASE STUDIES

2015 ◽  
Vol 157 (B1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Nazarov
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Theoretical Methods ◽  
Seakeeping Performance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Shape Selection ◽  
Vertical Accelerations ◽  
Design Experience

The paper presents the review of design experience and applied research of catamaran craft, up to 30m in length, of total over 30 catamaran designs, developed by ‘Albatross Marine Design’ and launched during recent years. Architecture of catamarans is discussed; typical catamaran hull shapes are reviewed and their suitability for different applications and desired speeds are studied. Recommendations are given for hull shape particulars selection. Performance issues are studied using available theoretical methods and sea-trials data of number catamarans. Components of resistance of catamarans and methods of their prediction are reviewed. Comparison of methods is presented and samples of their applications for hull shape selection are shown. Seakeeping performance is discussed in terms of vertical accelerations. Results of full-scale measurements of vertical accelerations on number of craft are presented. Controllability discussion is based on turning track measurements for power catamarans of different configurations at different speeds. Structural design issues are reviewed with special interest in composite craft and their improvements. Perspective applications of catamaran concept for different types of craft are indicated. Presented are samples of catamaran designs for special, small commercial and pleasure catamarans.

Household appliance ownership and income inequality: Evidence from micro data in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 101309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yating Li ◽  
Yinxin Fei ◽  
Xiao-Bing Zhang ◽  
Ping Qin
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Household Appliance

scholarly journals Shrimp production and its effects on family income inequality in some selected areas of Khulna district

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
Asma Ul Husna ◽  
Dilshad Zahan Ethen ◽  
Ismat Ara Begum ◽  
Farzana Yesmin ◽  
Hurunnahar Khushi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Shrimp Farm ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Shrimp Production ◽  
Hired Labor

This study attempted to find out the determinants of shrimp production and to assess the effects of income from shrimp production on family income inequality in Khulna district of Bangladesh. Forty-five farmers were selected from the Bhanderkote union of Batiaghata Upazila under Khulna District. Among them 15 were small farmers, 22 were medium farmers and 8 were large farmers. Data were collected from May to July 2014 through face to face interview. Ordinary Least Square had been used to find out the determinants of shrimp production. Gini coefficient was measured to see the effects of family income inequality. Expenditure on shrimp fingerling, feed, lime, education, and hired labor were the important determinants and had significant effects on shrimp production. Shrimp farm incomes were equal among all categories of farmers (small, medium and large) and all farmers bear the value of Gini0.31, 0.24, 0.12 and 0.36 respectively. In the case of nonfarm incomes small, large and all farmers were relatively equal (G=0.49, G=0.42, and G=0.44 respectively) where the medium farmers (G=0.55) were relatively unequal. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(1): 153-163, April 2020

The Impact of Homeownership and Capital Gains upon Class and Consumption Sectors

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
D C Thorns
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Household Type ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Gender Divisions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Wealth Generation ◽  
The Impact

The debate about the impact of homeownership and capital gains upon class and consumption-sector formation is reviewed, from the work of Rex and Moore in 1967 to that of Saunders and Harris in 1988. A theme noted is that homeownership is seen as a base for class membership in the earlier work but by the most recent work this has shifted to a base for the formation of consumption sectors. Much of the debate has been centred upon the English case and the rise in homeownership over the postwar years. A wider comparative perspective is required for further elaboration within this debate. The main critique attempted within this paper is one developed around the empirical debate regarding returns to homeowners and whether these result in a redistribution or a concentration of wealth, and consequently whether homeownership serves to create a base for political and social action or whether it contributes to the present fragmenting tendencies within capitalist societies. Evidence is reviewed from Britain and New Zealand on the questions of whether real gains are made through property ownership and the author assesses the extent of variability created by such factors as the time period when the property was acquired, regional variations, the links between the property and the labour markets, household structures, and gender divisions within wealth generation and dispersal. It is concluded that homeownership constitutes a base for real accumulation but the rate and extent of this process is not an even one. The ability to gain wealth varies considerably by time, location, level of individual and family income, employment level, and household type. Consequently, the wealth generated through homeownership is a factor fragmenting rather than uniting social groups and, therefore, is unlikely in itself to be a basis of political mobilisation.

scholarly journals Examination of inequalities in Hungary by microsimulation in consistency with macro data

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-495
Author(s):  
Ilona Cserháti ◽  
Tibor Keresztély ◽  
Tibor Takács
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Input Alignment ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Data Survey ◽  
Effective Decision ◽  
Effective Decision Making

Effective decision making uses various databases including both micro and macro level datasets. In many cases it is a big challenge to ensure the consistency of the two levels. Different types of problems can occur and several methods can be used to solve them. The paper concentrates on the input alignment of the households’ income for microsimulation, which means refers to improving the elements of a micro data survey (EU-SILC) by using macro data from administrative sources. We use a combined micro-macro model called ECONS-TAX for this improvement. We also produced model projections until 2015 which is important because the official EU-SILC micro database will only be available in Hungary in the summer of 2017. The paper presents our estimations about the dynamics of income elements and the changes in income inequalities. Results show that the aligned data provides a different level of income inequality, but does not affect the direction of change from year to year. However, when we analyzed policy change, the use of aligned data caused larger differences both in income levels and in their dynamics.

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