Design and Test of an Index to Measure the Capability of Cities in Latin America to Create Knowledge-Based Enterprises

2005 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Tiffin ◽  
Gonzalo Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Knowledge Based

Optimizing International Joint Venture (IJV) Ownership Structures

2013 ◽  
pp. 142-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Wollenberg
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Financial Measures ◽  
Local Partner ◽  
Ownership Structures ◽  
Technology Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Complementary Assets

This chapter portrays a quantitative framework regarding entry mode choice and ownership structures by measuring performance under given ownership structures as the degree of efficiency in technology transfer, and knowledge exchange in the form of a residual productivity growth variable. This method has been shown to be a proxy for or an indirect measure of transaction costs, in that ownership structures are validated by the growth in technology/knowledge-based productivity that they caused. In the process, the chapter discusses hierarchical entry modes and adjustment of ownership structures with respect to minimizing transaction costs incurred in the transfer and internalization of complementary assets, both tangible and intangible. Previous research has dealt with subsidiary performance mainly in terms of financial measures (e.g., profitability, ROA, ROE, ROI), instability, and lifespan. By contrast, this chapter extends existing research by providing a specific quantitative framework for optimizing technology/knowledge-based productivity growth. The second important contribution of the chapter is the linkage of the quantitative results to their applicability and potential for implementation in Japanese equity-based subsidiaries in Latin America over the lifetime of the subsidiaries. Other factors important in the implementation and internalization of new technologies and knowledge have also been analyzed quantitatively and linked to case studies qualitatively. The chapter further analyzes adaptations to regional contexts and parent companies of nationalities other than Japanese. Therefore, the model presented in the chapter addresses IJV ownership structures which are optimal to productivity growth linked to new technologies and knowledge and by adaptation of variables, and discusses results for emerging markets in Latin America, such as Peru, Colombia, and the newly industrialized Brazil. The chapter also highlights advantages and disadvantages of forming IJVs with a local partner of different levels of technological sophistication, and the degree of managerial and equity involvement to allow the local partner.

Technology-Intensive Suppliers as a Key Element for Structural Change in Latin America

2014 ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonni Angel Cuero Acosta ◽  
Isabel Torres Zapata ◽  
Utz Dornberger
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Customer Information

The current increase of commodity prices prompts the question regarding the extent to which the growth of primary industries is used as a basis of industrial development. Empirical evidence suggests the development of Technology-Intensive Suppliers (TIS) has played an important role in the industrialization process of the Nordic countries, Canada, and Australia. The development of local TIS may contribute to both reinforcing the industrial base and supporting structural change in developing countries. Therefore, it may provide a way to advance from natural resource dependence towards knowledge-based industrial activities. The TIS products are created under tailor-made concepts, giving solutions to their customers. TIS use knowledge and customer information to create innovation. These firms enhance value chains improving customer's competitive advantages (Dornberger & Torres, 2006). The relationship between the primary sector and its suppliers of technology can be seen as a backward linkage. Sectors with linkages of this kind use inputs from other industries (Hirschman, 1958). Hence, a fundamental goal of research in the context of developing countries is to understand the development of TIS and analysis of their improvement as a result of entrepreneurship intervention. This chapter covers the relevance of TIS firms in developing countries. TIS companies are frequently labeled as Micro-, Small-, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs). In conclusion, the findings highlight the need to pay more attention to TIS organizations in developing economies. In Latin America, TIS firms contribute to the employment and diversification of the economic structure of the region through value-added products and services.

Latin America: Farewell to Dependency

2015 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
V. Krasil’shchikov
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Endogenous Development ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Latin American Countries

The paper deals with the problem of dependent development and conservative modernization in Latin America. Whereas external dependency has been the permanent feature of Latin American development since colonial times, conservative modernization can be treated as the essential effect of this development. Almost all significant reforms in Latin American countries began earlier than the own premises for them could mature, because they were the obliged responses to the external challenges and shocks the continent underwent. The social actors of those reforms were often interested in adaptation of the obsolete socioeconomic structures and relationships to the changed external conditions instead of their destruction and genuine social renewal. The cases of authoritarian modernizations in the Southern Cone countries in the 1960s–80s clearly illustrated such attempts of the ruling groups to go forward whilst looking back. The neoliberal reforms of the 1990s demonstrated, at first glance, continuation of this practice being a form of modernisation for the upper classes’ advantages. Meanwhile, as the author argues, these reforms were actually a “swan song” of conservative modernization in Latin America. The “left turn” of the next decade did not abolish external dependency of Latin American countries, but created some important premises for the rise of internally rooted impulses to endogenous development. The new social actors of this development, such as various NGOs and left-wing movements, began to emerge in Latin America. They propose own programmes of transition towards a knowledge-based, innovative economy. This phenomenon allows to suppose that some Latin American countries have real chances for technological breakthroughs in the future, and it will be the genuine deliverance from the model of a dependent, imitative development.

The Development of Knowledge-based Export Clusters

2020 ◽  
pp. 761-782
Author(s):  
Jorge Cornick
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The State ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Intensive

After the great liberalization and structural reforms that started in the 1980s, most of Latin America has failed in its attempts to transition from a commodity-based to a highly diversified, knowledge-intensive economy. Mexico (and specifically the state of Jalisco) and Costa Rica are partial exceptions to this trend: both economies have developed diversified, high-complexity, knowledge-intensive export sectors on the basis, mostly, of FDI by MNCs. Neither region has been fully transformed into a modern, high-productivity economy. The sources of their relative success, but also the limiting factors that have prevented them from achieving wider economic transformation are explored in this chapter.

scholarly journals O PAPEL DAS UNIVERSIDADES EM SISTEMAS DE INOVAÇÃO EM CUBA E URUGUAI: REFLEXÕES PARA O CASO BRASILEIRO

polemica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-162
Author(s):  
Israel Sanches Marcellino ◽  
Elaine Cavalcante Peixoto Borin
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Logic Of Knowledge ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Traditional Pattern ◽  
The Cost

Resumo: Reconhecendo a importância das especificidades de cada local, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o papel das universidades nos Sistemas de Inovação (SI), tendo os casos de Cuba e do Uruguai como estudo. A partir dessa análise, será possível destilar conceitos que proporcionem perspectivas úteis para a compreensão do caso brasileiro. O período atual traz novas dinâmicas ao sistema capitalista com desdobramentos para as lógicas da produção de conhecimento e da inovação. Logo, a emergência de um paradigma baseado em conhecimento e ciência, além das contradições impostas pelo processo de financeirização, tem posto em xeque o padrão tradicional de inserção das universidades nos SI. O avanço da financeirização sobre os orçamentos públicos em países como os da América Latina suscita questões relacionadas ao financiamento das universidades públicas. No esteio da lógica custo-benefício, surgem questões adicionais relacionadas ao impacto social e econômico efetivo das atividades universitárias. As universidades encontram-se compelidas a uma fase de transição em nível global. Essa transição, contudo, é um processo em andamento, pleno de incertezas e sem rumos únicos definidos.Palavras-chave: Sistema de Inovação. Universidade. América Latina.Abstract: Recognizing the importance of the specificities of each location, the aim of this paper is to analyze the role of universities in innovation systems (IS), taking as a study the case of Cuba and Uruguay. From this analysis, it will be possible to distill concepts that provide useful perspectives for understanding the Brazilian case. The present period brings new dynamics to the capitalist system with consequences for the logic of knowledge production and innovation. Thus, the emergence of a knowledge-based and science-based paradigm and the contradictions imposed by the financialization process have challenged the traditional pattern of insertion of universities in IS. The advancement of financialization over public budgets in countries such as Latin America raises questions related to the financing of public universities. Underlying the cost-benefit logic, additional questions arise regarding the effective social and economic impact of university activities. Universities are compelled to undergo a transitional phase at the global level. This transition, however, is an ongoing process, full of uncertainties and with no single defined directions. Keywords: Innovation System. University. Latin America.

Social Responsibility and the Transition Toward a Knowledge-Based Society in Latin America

2003 ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
Heberto J. Ochoa-Morales
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Relevant Parameter ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Digital Gap

In Latin America, the proliferation of regional and multilateral agreements with integration as a purpose has generated a high flow of goods, services, and investments among these countries. From the economic perspective, the outcome is trade and, therefore, stimulus to economic growth. Information technology is a relevant parameter in this endeavor. The “digital gap” between developed countries (DC) and less developed countries (LDC) is greater than the gap in the “standard of living” between them. The uneven distribution of wealth among and within countries, and the lack of communication infrastructure and computer-based power, situate them at a transitional stage within the “knowledge-based society,” which emanates social changes, and therefore new roles to be achieved by private and public institutions within the framework of social responsibility.

CLARA and ScienTI Networks: Technology and Information for Knowledge Building in the Latin American Scientific Community

2006 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rejane Sartori ◽  
Roberto Carlos Dos Santos Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Knowledge Building ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Information And Communication

Knowledge-based development produces wealth and opens the frontiers of competitiveness, technological innovation and wealth distribution. In developed countries the process is intrinsically bound to the ability of innovative production and the dynamics of network knowledge construction. Within this process the academic and research communities participate effectively in the dynamics of knowledge and innovation, an environment strongly based on information and communication technology. However, when compared to the dynamics of developed countries, the formation of such communities in Latin America is rare. In this context CLARA (Latin American Cooperation in Advanced Networks) and ScienTI (Information and Knowledge Network in Science, Technology and Innovation) networks are strategies for the establishment, dissemination and foment of scientific knowledge in Latin America. CLARA integrates national academy networks in Latin America which links about 700 universities and research centers in the area. ScienTI network establishes and links scientific information sources in eleven countries within the area. The formation of a gigantic Latin American research community which links researchers, projects, and studies has an important role in building a world of science and education in the future. The formation and the functioning of the networks will be discussed from the community's knowledge building point of view in Latin America.

Technology-Intensive Suppliers as a Key Element for Structural Change in Latin America

2016 ◽  
pp. 2332-2343
Author(s):  
Yonni Angel Cuero Acosta ◽  
Isabel Torres Zapata ◽  
Utz Dornberger
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Customer Information

The current increase of commodity prices prompts the question regarding the extent to which the growth of primary industries is used as a basis of industrial development. Empirical evidence suggests the development of Technology-Intensive Suppliers (TIS) has played an important role in the industrialization process of the Nordic countries, Canada, and Australia. The development of local TIS may contribute to both reinforcing the industrial base and supporting structural change in developing countries. Therefore, it may provide a way to advance from natural resource dependence towards knowledge-based industrial activities. The TIS products are created under tailor-made concepts, giving solutions to their customers. TIS use knowledge and customer information to create innovation. These firms enhance value chains improving customer's competitive advantages (Dornberger & Torres, 2006). The relationship between the primary sector and its suppliers of technology can be seen as a backward linkage. Sectors with linkages of this kind use inputs from other industries (Hirschman, 1958). Hence, a fundamental goal of research in the context of developing countries is to understand the development of TIS and analysis of their improvement as a result of entrepreneurship intervention. This chapter covers the relevance of TIS firms in developing countries. TIS companies are frequently labeled as Micro-, Small-, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs). In conclusion, the findings highlight the need to pay more attention to TIS organizations in developing economies. In Latin America, TIS firms contribute to the employment and diversification of the economic structure of the region through value-added products and services.

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