From productive to cognitive dependence: knowledge-based economies and highly qualified migrants in Latin America

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-64
Author(s):  
Francesco Maniglio
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Knowledge Based

scholarly journals Socially-oriented economy as part of the macroeconomic development system

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 01021
Author(s):  
Fatima Dakhaeva ◽  
Azalea Amirova
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
Stable Economy ◽  
Economic Tools ◽  
Favorable Conditions

This article analyzes the current situation in the world economy, which includes socio-economic tools, innovative and technical mechanisms. The stable economy of the region is based on social sustainability and a favorable economic climate to attract investment and highly qualified personnel. Develop human resources, investment in the educational sphere, and the development of a "knowledge-based economy" is a priority for the Chechen Republic. Social and economic policy is a set of measures to create favorable conditions for the development of society, taking into account the provision of an appropriate level of economic efficiency and social justice in all spheres of human life. In conditions of geopolitical rivalry, it is necessary to increase the competitiveness of the economy also through new technologies.

Optimizing International Joint Venture (IJV) Ownership Structures

2013 ◽  
pp. 142-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Wollenberg
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Financial Measures ◽  
Local Partner ◽  
Ownership Structures ◽  
Technology Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Complementary Assets

This chapter portrays a quantitative framework regarding entry mode choice and ownership structures by measuring performance under given ownership structures as the degree of efficiency in technology transfer, and knowledge exchange in the form of a residual productivity growth variable. This method has been shown to be a proxy for or an indirect measure of transaction costs, in that ownership structures are validated by the growth in technology/knowledge-based productivity that they caused. In the process, the chapter discusses hierarchical entry modes and adjustment of ownership structures with respect to minimizing transaction costs incurred in the transfer and internalization of complementary assets, both tangible and intangible. Previous research has dealt with subsidiary performance mainly in terms of financial measures (e.g., profitability, ROA, ROE, ROI), instability, and lifespan. By contrast, this chapter extends existing research by providing a specific quantitative framework for optimizing technology/knowledge-based productivity growth. The second important contribution of the chapter is the linkage of the quantitative results to their applicability and potential for implementation in Japanese equity-based subsidiaries in Latin America over the lifetime of the subsidiaries. Other factors important in the implementation and internalization of new technologies and knowledge have also been analyzed quantitatively and linked to case studies qualitatively. The chapter further analyzes adaptations to regional contexts and parent companies of nationalities other than Japanese. Therefore, the model presented in the chapter addresses IJV ownership structures which are optimal to productivity growth linked to new technologies and knowledge and by adaptation of variables, and discusses results for emerging markets in Latin America, such as Peru, Colombia, and the newly industrialized Brazil. The chapter also highlights advantages and disadvantages of forming IJVs with a local partner of different levels of technological sophistication, and the degree of managerial and equity involvement to allow the local partner.

scholarly journals La cooperación académica en educación superior entre México y España 1977-2017. Una política migratoria y contexto de acogida diferenciado

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Alma Paola Trejo Peña
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Student Mobility ◽  
Collaborative Networks ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Educacion Superior ◽  
Regulatory Instruments ◽  
Immigration Management ◽  
Cooperation Policy ◽  
Scientific Innovations

Educational cooperation between states facilitates academic and student mobility. Since 1977, with the reestablishment of relations between Mexico and Spain, higher level educational cooperation has been regulated through normative instruments, which has led to an increase in exchanges of academics and students. Mexico and Spain are part of collaborative networks that promote academic and student mobility in Latin America, and the acquisition of Highly Qualified Human Resources (RHAC) is essential for both countries to develop technological and scientific innovations. In this article, we seek to determine if the migration and academic cooperation policy for RHAC influences the retention of talents, for which the legislation on immigration management of RHAC and regulatory instruments between Mexico and Spain are analyzed. Among the main results, it is worth mentioning that academic cooperation has increased, but the Mexican context facilitates Spanish academics to stay in Mexico.

MULTI-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE SCALES OF EVALUATING KNOWLEDGE BASED ON A FUZZY-PROBABILITY APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 55-74
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Spesivtsev ◽  
◽  
Nelya G. Domshenko ◽  
Mariya N. Morozova ◽  
Svetlana Ye. Rubtsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Accumulation System ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Approach ◽  
Logic Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Professional Systems ◽  
Explicit And Implicit Knowledge

Teachers always face problems when assessing the competence level of test participants (whether students, undergraduates, etc.) in both moral and psychological fields as well as methodological. This raises important questions on the creation of professional systems, which have mathematical models set forth for their vital foundational path. The current working method in the creation of mathematical models for evaluating the competency of test participants is based on a fuzzy logic approach using both the explicit and implicit knowledge of highly qualified experts. One can see the realisation of this method in the example of Englishlanguage instruction. A comparison of two common assessment scales for knowledge of the tested has been carried out – the «fivepoint » standard adopted in Russia (or required, actually) and the converted sevenpoint ECTS (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System) rating scale which is based on percentage. This study has shown that teachers cannot effectively assess the participants’ competency, neither on individual topics nor on the course as a whole, due to the narrowness of the «fivepoint » scale.

Technology-Intensive Suppliers as a Key Element for Structural Change in Latin America

2014 ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonni Angel Cuero Acosta ◽  
Isabel Torres Zapata ◽  
Utz Dornberger
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Customer Information

The current increase of commodity prices prompts the question regarding the extent to which the growth of primary industries is used as a basis of industrial development. Empirical evidence suggests the development of Technology-Intensive Suppliers (TIS) has played an important role in the industrialization process of the Nordic countries, Canada, and Australia. The development of local TIS may contribute to both reinforcing the industrial base and supporting structural change in developing countries. Therefore, it may provide a way to advance from natural resource dependence towards knowledge-based industrial activities. The TIS products are created under tailor-made concepts, giving solutions to their customers. TIS use knowledge and customer information to create innovation. These firms enhance value chains improving customer's competitive advantages (Dornberger & Torres, 2006). The relationship between the primary sector and its suppliers of technology can be seen as a backward linkage. Sectors with linkages of this kind use inputs from other industries (Hirschman, 1958). Hence, a fundamental goal of research in the context of developing countries is to understand the development of TIS and analysis of their improvement as a result of entrepreneurship intervention. This chapter covers the relevance of TIS firms in developing countries. TIS companies are frequently labeled as Micro-, Small-, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs). In conclusion, the findings highlight the need to pay more attention to TIS organizations in developing economies. In Latin America, TIS firms contribute to the employment and diversification of the economic structure of the region through value-added products and services.

Problem-based Learning in Pedagogic Tertiary Education: European Context Through Denmark Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. s071-s084
Author(s):  
Anhelina Roliak ◽  
Hanna Dutka ◽  
Kostyantyn Mylytsya ◽  
Olena Matiienko ◽  
Natalia Oliinyk
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
College Programs

Nowadays every European knowledge-based society demands a highly qualified, competent workforce being able to adjust to modern innovative production. To educate such specialists is the aim of contemporary teachers. So efficient and innovative pedagogic education becomes an integral part of the European education system. The article deals with the analysis of problem-based technology in the modern system of Danish teacher training in pedagogical higher educational institutions. Analyzing works of European scientists and problem-based model of teacher education in Denmark, working with university and college programs and documents we came to the conclusion that principles of problem-based technology in professional teacher training are similar in the whole European educational environment and in general they may be described as an approach to learning and instruction that has the following characteristics: 1) the use of problems as the starting point for learning, 2) small-group collaboration, 3) flexible guidance of a tutor, 4) student-initiated learning, 5) time availability for self-study. The findings imply that well-designed problem-based learning may lead to better educational results. Multiple sources in Ukrainian, European, and Danish educational environments at various time points from 1990 till 2020 have been used in data collection for this study. Pedagogic education in Ukraine requires a substantial adjustment at the legislative, structural, and technological levels. European experience in this sphere of teacher education modernization can become a valuable asset of the comparative pedagogic science. This practice will lead to effective technological change in teacher professional training in Ukraine.

Latin America: Farewell to Dependency

2015 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
V. Krasil’shchikov
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Endogenous Development ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Latin American Countries

The paper deals with the problem of dependent development and conservative modernization in Latin America. Whereas external dependency has been the permanent feature of Latin American development since colonial times, conservative modernization can be treated as the essential effect of this development. Almost all significant reforms in Latin American countries began earlier than the own premises for them could mature, because they were the obliged responses to the external challenges and shocks the continent underwent. The social actors of those reforms were often interested in adaptation of the obsolete socioeconomic structures and relationships to the changed external conditions instead of their destruction and genuine social renewal. The cases of authoritarian modernizations in the Southern Cone countries in the 1960s–80s clearly illustrated such attempts of the ruling groups to go forward whilst looking back. The neoliberal reforms of the 1990s demonstrated, at first glance, continuation of this practice being a form of modernisation for the upper classes’ advantages. Meanwhile, as the author argues, these reforms were actually a “swan song” of conservative modernization in Latin America. The “left turn” of the next decade did not abolish external dependency of Latin American countries, but created some important premises for the rise of internally rooted impulses to endogenous development. The new social actors of this development, such as various NGOs and left-wing movements, began to emerge in Latin America. They propose own programmes of transition towards a knowledge-based, innovative economy. This phenomenon allows to suppose that some Latin American countries have real chances for technological breakthroughs in the future, and it will be the genuine deliverance from the model of a dependent, imitative development.

scholarly journals Development perspective of transitional countries

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (165) ◽  
pp. 185-212
Author(s):  
Bogdan Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Work Productivity ◽  
National Development ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Transitional Countries ◽  
Modern Development

The end of 20th century witnessed the affirmation and development of information technology as well as the transformation of industrial into information, "new economy", which caused changes in people and circumstances. The role and importance of nonhuman factors was increased, causing entrepreneurship and knowledge-based information to become the most significant resources. The Internet became the basis of the "new economy". It changes the way of doing business, studying, researching, communicating and competition. It also reduces operating costs, crosses national borders and leads to the globalization of the world economy. Transitional countries have to fit into modern development flows by formulating their own strategy of national development and establishing their own competitive advantages in conditions of "new economy". These advantages lie predominantly in highly qualified and skilled younger labor which learns fast and adopts new knowledge and skills, through reducing transactional costs, shortening of certain development stages through which developed countries have already gone, using their experience, scientific-technological progress, a rise in work productivity, etc. Experience of other countries should be innovated and adapted to one's own material and social conditions, not copied. This enables the emergence of "European small tigers", which are similar to "Asian small tigers".

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