Latin America: Farewell to Dependency

2015 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
V. Krasil’shchikov
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Endogenous Development ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Latin American Countries

The paper deals with the problem of dependent development and conservative modernization in Latin America. Whereas external dependency has been the permanent feature of Latin American development since colonial times, conservative modernization can be treated as the essential effect of this development. Almost all significant reforms in Latin American countries began earlier than the own premises for them could mature, because they were the obliged responses to the external challenges and shocks the continent underwent. The social actors of those reforms were often interested in adaptation of the obsolete socioeconomic structures and relationships to the changed external conditions instead of their destruction and genuine social renewal. The cases of authoritarian modernizations in the Southern Cone countries in the 1960s–80s clearly illustrated such attempts of the ruling groups to go forward whilst looking back. The neoliberal reforms of the 1990s demonstrated, at first glance, continuation of this practice being a form of modernisation for the upper classes’ advantages. Meanwhile, as the author argues, these reforms were actually a “swan song” of conservative modernization in Latin America. The “left turn” of the next decade did not abolish external dependency of Latin American countries, but created some important premises for the rise of internally rooted impulses to endogenous development. The new social actors of this development, such as various NGOs and left-wing movements, began to emerge in Latin America. They propose own programmes of transition towards a knowledge-based, innovative economy. This phenomenon allows to suppose that some Latin American countries have real chances for technological breakthroughs in the future, and it will be the genuine deliverance from the model of a dependent, imitative development.

scholarly journals Conservative Governments and Latin America's Human Rights Landscape

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Contesse
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Latin American Countries

In 2009, as the American Convention on Human Rights turned forty, Left-wing governments ruled in almost all Latin American countries. The democratization wave that began in the late 1980s had produced a seemingly hegemonic turn to the Left—the so-called “Pink Tide.” A decade later, the political landscape was radically different. With only a few exceptions, Right-wing governments are in power throughout Latin America. The implications of the conservative wave have been felt in a number of areas—including human rights. This essay explores the ways in which the new conservative governments of Latin American have tried to curb the inter-American human rights system and examines the potential long-term consequences that their efforts may have on the regional system and the protection of human rights. It then suggests possible avenues for sound engagement between states and the system, observing that the Inter-American Court's expansive case law may cause more harm in the long run.

scholarly journals Transition to adulthood in Latin America: 1960s-2010s

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Matheus Menezes dos Santos ◽  
Bernardo Lanza Queiroz ◽  
Ana Paula De Andrade Verona
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
First Union ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Latin American Countries

Multidimensional discussion about transition to adulthood is an incipient theme in Latin America. This paper seeks to describe and characterize the process of change in the transition of men and women in the region between the 1960s and 2010's. Using census data from IPUMS-International for 15 Latin American countries, we calculate the mean ages at transition to adulthood, at entering the labor market, at first union, and at first birth. We concluded there was a process of postponing transition to adulthood, although much stronger for males than for females, which we attribute to the events linked to the transition of each group. With these results, we hope to encourage further research into transition to adulthood in Latin America.

scholarly journals Planificación familiar en la Argentina de las décadas 1960 y 1970: ¿un caso original en América Latina? / Family Planning in Argentina during the Decades 1960 and 1970: an unusual case in Latin America?

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Felitti
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Family Planning Programs ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Latin American Countries

En este artículo se pretende analizar cómo se recibieron y resignificaron las recomendaciones internacionales para limitar la natalidad en algunos países de América Latina, y de modo particular en Argentina, durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970. Tras una caracterización de los primeros programas de planificación familiar que se desarrollaron en Chile, Perú, México, Brasil y Bolivia, la autora se concentra en el caso argentino para indagar los motivos y consecuencias de sus políticas públicas restrictivas sobre la regulación de la fecundidad en un contexto en que la mayor parte de la región aplicaba medidas opuestas. AbstractThis article analyzes the way international recommendations to reduce birth rates in certain Latin American countries, particularly Argentina, in the 1960s and 1970s were received and resignified. After a description of the first family planning programs developed in Chile, Peru, Mexico, Brazil and Bolivia, the author focuses on the case of Argentina to explore the causes and consequences of its public birth control policies in a context in which most of the region adopted opposite measures.

Determinants of Equitable Social Policy in Latin America (1990–2013)

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-784
Author(s):  
DAVID ALTMAN ◽  
ROSSANA CASTIGLIONI
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
The Government ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractThe fact that equitable social policy expanded drastically in Latin America during the left turn and during a time of prosperity does not necessarily mean that the ideological color of governing parties and economic growth are the engines behind changes in social policy, as is usually claimed by part of the literature. Using panel data from Latin American countries for 1990–2013, this paper offers an alternative explanation, derived from previous qualitative research, that the level of political competition, the strength of civil society, and wealth are the key factors behind the expansion of equitable social policy. Once these explanations are included in our models, the ideological leaning of governments and economic growth lose statistical significance. Thus, this paper challenges dominant approaches that consider social policy change in Latin America a consequence of the ideological leaning of the government and economic growth.

Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in Latin America

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-68
Author(s):  
Allan Brewer-Carias
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Administrative Action ◽  
Administrative Act ◽  
Administrative Jurisdiction ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Latin American Countries

This chapter explains administrative procedure and judicial review in Latin America. Judicial review of administrative action has been constitutionalised in many Latin American countries, like Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela, and has been the object of special laws regulating the jurisdiction. According to the Constitutions and to the laws regulating the contentious administrative jurisdiction in Latin America, all administrative provisions are subjected to judicial review as it is not possible for any administrative act to escape judicial control. Therefore, the principle applicable is the universal character of the judicial oversight of constitutionality and unlawfulness regarding regulations and administrative acts, which is exercised by the Courts without exception. In almost all Latin American countries, the rules of administrative procedure are regulated through special Administrative Procedure Lasw (APLs), which began to be sanctioned in 1972 (Argentina). In all cases where the courts find that a challenged administrative act infringes the fundamental rights of an individual or corporation, or does not meet the fundamental standards of administrative propriety and fairness, the courts of the contentious administrative jurisdiction in all Latin American countries have the power not only to annul the challenged act but, depending on the nature of the claim filed by the plaintiff, the courts can also award damages for the administrative action.

Homeschooling in the Educational Landscape of Latin America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciane Muniz Ribeiro Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
American Children ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Latin American Countries

A number of developments stemmed from reforms to Latin America’s educational landscape beginning in 1990, with the regulamentation of homeschooling differing in countries across this region. Academic research and literature on homeschooling in these countries are just beginning, but it is clear that there is a “normative void” on this topic that is experienced by almost all Latin American countries despite the growing number of families choosing this form of education. There is a need to broaden the debate regarding the regulation of homeschooling in Latin America by analyzing local particularities in view of the commitment to protect the right to education for Latin American children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Donald Trump’s Policy Toward Latin America As an Issue of the U.S. Political Struggle 2020: Candidates’ Election Programs

2021 ◽  
pp. 236-245
Author(s):  
Timur Nelin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The U.S

Introduction. Donald Trump’s policy towards the Latin American region and illegal Latino migrants was often criticized by mass media. Many experts admit that over four years of his presidency U.S. cooperation with Latin American countries was severely “undermined”. This negative trend should have been the subject of discussion of candidates for the U.S. presidential election in 2020. The purpose of the article is to find out what aspects of Trump’s policy towards Latin America were used by the candidates in their campaign statements, for what he was criticized and praised. Methods and Materials. The research is based on the analysis of candidates’ election programs and speeches. Donald Trump’s annual messages to Congress are analyzed as well. The author researches the programs of those candidates who reached the final stage of the 2020 elections and those who were most popular at the beginning of 2020 but lost the primaries. In addition to general scientific research methods, the author uses methods of discourse analysis and comparative analysis. Analysis. Almost all the candidates criticized the policy of Donald Trump in different way. The main issues were President’s approaches to Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela and dealing with illegal immigrants. Trump’s policy didn’t receive explicit approval from any candidate. Among all the contenders for the post of U.S. President, only Joe Biden offered a more or less developed plan for establishing relations with the Central America countries. Results. The author showers that main directions of Trump’s policy towards Latin America were not criticized. But the methods of this policy were criticized a lot. Most part of the Latin America region generally fell out of the U.S. foreign policy discourse. And it was almost not represented in the candidates programs and speeches. This suggests that real shifts in the Latin American direction of the U.S. foreign policy will not occur in the coming years.

Left socialists in contemporary Latin America: ideology and politics

2021 ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Rouslan Kostiuk
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Political ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Organized Activities ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Modern Latin America ◽  
Latin American Countries

This scientific article is devoted to the phenomenon of left-wing socialists in modern Latin America. The article shows the continuity of the left-wing socialist ideology and at the same time highlights the elements of its novelty. The author turns to plots related to the historical aspects of the activities of radical socialists in Latin America. The author examines the various forms of organized activities of radical socialists, pointing as examples of the functioning of the independent left-wings socialist parties ant the participation of left socialists in Latin American countries in broader political projects. An important place is given to the consideration of the left socialist proposals for politico-institutional and socio-economic areas. Here analysis confirms that today the radical socialists continue to be in the political area between the radical left and social reformism. The author comes to the conclusion that the left socialists actively advocate strengthening the unity of the left forces both in Latin America as a whole and at the national level.

The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽  
EUDALD CORTINA ORERO
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

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