Gender stereotypes in equity crowdfunding: the effect of gender bias on the interpretation of quality signals

AbstractEquity crowdfunding has the potential to democratize entrepreneurial finance and provide female entrepreneurs with new and equal access to early-stage financing. In this paper, we present first empirical evidence on gender stereotypes in the context of technology ventures in equity crowdfunding. Drawing on signaling and gender role congruity theory, we hypothesize that quality signals have different effects depending on whether they are sent by male or female entrepreneurs. Results taken from a sample of 263 equity crowdfunding campaigns run by technology ventures confirm our hypotheses. In line with gender stereotypes, management experience is beneficial for male entrepreneurs but detrimental for female entrepreneurs. Interestingly, media coverage as a third-party signal has the oppositive effect, being more effective for female entrepreneurs.

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Women Hold Up Half the Sky? Informal Institutions, Entrepreneurial Decisions, and Gender Gap in Venture Performance

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice ◽

10.1177/1042258720980705 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 104225872098070

Author(s):

Eric Yanfei Zhao ◽

Ling Yang

Keyword(s):

Gender Gap ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Cultural Beliefs ◽

Strong Support ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Entrepreneurial Firms ◽

Role Congruity Theory ◽

Female Entrepreneurs ◽

Role Congruity ◽

Venture Performance

Studies that apply gender role congruity theory (GRCT) have focused on resource providers’ biased evaluations and women entrepreneurs’ internalization of gender stereotypes as primary mechanisms explaining the gender gap in venture performance. We provide an institutional foundation for GRCT and argue that informal political–cultural institutions—namely, government interference in market-based competition and cultural beliefs regarding gender inequality—differentially shape male versus female entrepreneurs’ venture performance through their influences on entrepreneurs’ industry selection and participation in after-work social activities. Our study of 7,626 Chinese entrepreneurial firms provides strong support for our arguments and contributes to women’s entrepreneurship theory and practice.

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Double Standards: The Role of Gender and Intraparty Politics in Swedish Cabinet Appointments

Politics & Gender ◽

10.1017/s1743923x18000673 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 882-911

Author(s):

Markus Baumann ◽

Hanna Bäck ◽

Johan Bo Davidsson

Keyword(s):

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Leadership Positions ◽

Role Congruity Theory ◽

Double Standards ◽

Role Congruity ◽

Specific Dimension ◽

Party Line ◽

Female Politicians ◽

Congruity Theory

Are female politicians less likely to be promoted to specific ministerial posts, and is it important for them to toe the party line? This article focuses on whether the selection of ministers has a gender-specific dimension. Building on role congruity theory and research showing that female and male politicians are evaluated in a different manner in leadership positions, we present some original hypotheses. For example, we hypothesize that female politicians are less likely to be appointed to cabinet when they have held gender-incongruent committee positions in parliament. We also hypothesize that women are less likely to be appointed to cabinet posts when they have previously deviated from the party line. In an empirical analysis of Swedish ministerial appointments in six cabinets, we find that female politicians were less likely to be appointed to cabinet posts when they have held positions in ‘masculine’ parliamentary committees and when they deviated from the party line in their parliamentary speeches. These results suggest that women are more harshly judged when holding positions that are not in line with traditional gender stereotypes and have important implications for our understanding of gender and political leadership.

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Set Up to Fail: Explaining When Women-Led Businesses Are More Likely to Fail

Journal of Management ◽

10.1177/0149206316685856 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 926-954 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Tiantian Yang ◽

María del Carmen Triana

Keyword(s):

Theory And Practice ◽

Business Failure ◽

Future Research ◽

Entrepreneurial Firms ◽

Role Congruity Theory ◽

Female Entrepreneurs ◽

Data Set ◽

Role Congruity ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Set Up

Drawing on role congruity theory, we examine whether and when women-led ventures are more likely to fail than men-led ventures. We investigate the relationship between the gender of the leading entrepreneur and business failure and three important moderators of this relationship: whether the leadership assignment is consistent with merit, whether the venture operates in a female-dominated industry, and whether the venture is operated by a spousal team. Drawing on a unique, nationally representative data set of entrepreneurial firms sampled from the U.S. population in 2005 and followed yearly until 2011, we demonstrate that female entrepreneurs’ businesses are more likely to fail than those of their male counterparts. Regarding the moderating effects, our results show that female entrepreneurs’ businesses are more likely to fail when their merit-based competence is inferior to that of their cofounders. However, in the same scenario, male entrepreneurs are still able to lead their businesses successfully. We also find that women entrepreneurs’ disadvantages in leading new businesses are amplified in contexts that many have expected to be supportive of women, including in industries dominated by women and within spousal teams. Together, our results suggest that women’s disadvantages in leading their businesses may be perpetuated by gender beliefs that discount women’s leadership. Based on our findings, we discuss our contributions to theory and practice, and we offer implications for future research.

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Allosuppressor and allohelper T cells in acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease. V. F1 mice with secondary chronic GVHD contain F1-reactive allohelper but no allosuppressor T cells.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.159.2.508 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 159 (2) ◽

pp. 508-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

S T Pals ◽

H Gleichmann ◽

E Gleichmann

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Early Stage ◽

Chronic Gvhd ◽

Third Party ◽

Th Cells ◽

Host Disease ◽

Graft Vs Host Disease ◽

Donor T Cells ◽

Split Tolerance ◽

B10 Cells

We studied the alloreactive properties of donor T cells obtained from F1 mice that had recovered from the allosuppression of acute graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) and showed mild symptoms of chronic GVHD, i.e., so-called secondary chronic GVHD. To this end, we used (B10 x DBA/2)F1 mice that had been injected with 10(8) B10 spleen cells 100-150 d previously. Such GVHD F1 mice were repopulated by lympho-hematopoietic cells of donor (B10) origin, which exhibited split tolerance towards the host: Whereas F1-specific donor T helper (Th) cells as well as T cells proliferating in the mixed lymphocyte reaction were readily demonstrable, F1-specific T suppressor (Ts) and T killer (Tk) cells were not, or were hardly, detectable; responses against third-party alloantigens were normal. Upon adoptive transfer to nonirradiated secondary recipients, the B10 cells obtained from the repopulated GVH F1 mice induced F1-specific enlargement of the draining popliteal lymph node and enhancement of the IgG formation therein. B10 cells of the same kind were unable, however, to induce lethal GVHD upon transfer to 950 rad-irradiated secondary (B10 x DBA/2)F1 recipients. We conclude that alloactivated donor Ts/Tk cells disappear from the host at a relatively early stage of GVHD, i.e., at the end of acute GVHD , presumably because they are short-lived. By contrast, the longevity of alloactivated donor Th cells causes the symptoms of secondary chronic GVHD.

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A Feminine Advantage? Delineating the Effects of Feminine Trait and Feminine Issue Messages on Evaluations of Female Candidates

Politics & Gender ◽

10.1017/s1743923x19000084 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Nichole M. Bauer

Keyword(s):

Women In Politics ◽

Role Congruity Theory ◽

Role Congruity ◽

Feminine Trait ◽

Female Candidates ◽

Survey Experiments ◽

Congruity Theory ◽

Underrepresentation Of Women ◽

Elected Office

AbstractCurrent scholarship offers conflicting conclusions about whether female candidates have a feminine advantage or a disadvantage. Previous work does not consider whether voters respond similarly to all types of messages that might emphasize feminine stereotypes, such as feminine trait and feminine issue messages. I argue that voters will respond differently to trait-based feminine messages relative to issue-based feminine messages. I test the effects of trait-based and issue-based feminine messages through two survey experiments. The results consistently show that emphasizing feminine traits harms female candidates, whereas emphasizing feminine issues helps female candidates. I use role congruity theory to argue that feminine traits activate feminine stereotypes about women, and feminine issues do not activate these stereotypes. I also show that trait-based and issue-based feminine messages affect Democratic and Republican female candidates in very different ways. These results have implications for the ability of women to win elected office and reverse the pervasive underrepresentation of women in politics.

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Association between Perceived Trusted of COVID-19 Information Sources and Mental Health during the Early Stage of the Pandemic in Bangladesh

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare10010024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary ◽

Mondira Bardhan ◽

Matthew H. E. M. Browning ◽

Asma Safia Disha ◽

Md. Zahidul Haque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Social Media ◽

Media Coverage ◽

Information Sources ◽

Early Stage ◽

Self Report ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Traditional Media ◽

Mediation Analyses ◽

Perceived Trust

Unverified information concerning COVID-19 can affect mental health. Understanding perceived trust in information sources and associated mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic is vital to ensure ongoing media coverage of the crisis does not exacerbate mental health impacts. A number of studies have been conducted in other parts of the world to determine associations between information exposure relating to COVID-19 and mental health. However, the mechanism by which trust in information sources may affect mental health is not fully explained in the developing country context. To address this issue, the present study examined associations between perceived trust in three sources of information concerning COVID-19 and anxiety/stress with the mediating effects of COVID-19 stress in Bangladesh. An online cross-sectional study was conducted with 744 Bangladeshi adults between 17 April and 1 May 2020. Perceived trust in traditional, social, and health media for COVID-19 information, demographics, frontline service status, COVID-19-related stressors, anxiety (GAD-7), and stress (PSS-4) were assessed via self-report. Linear regression tested for associations between perceived trust and mental health. Mediation analyses investigated whether COVID-19-related stressors affected perceived trust and mental health associations. In fully adjusted models, more trust in social media was associated with more anxiety (B = 0.03, CI = 0.27–0.97) and stress (B = 0.01, CI = −0.34–0.47), while more trust in traditional media was associated with more anxiety (B = 0.09, CI = 0.17–2.26) but less stress (B = −0.08, CI = −0.89–0.03). Mediation analyses showed that COVID-19-related stressors partially explained associations between perceived trust and anxiety. These findings suggest that trusting social media to provide accurate COVID-19 information may exacerbate poor mental health. These findings also indicate that trusting traditional media (i.e., television, radio, and the newspaper) may have stress-buffering effects. We recommend that responsible authorities call attention to concerns about the trustworthiness of social media as well as broadcast positive and authentic news in traditional media outcomes based on these results.

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Tempering agency with communion increases women's leadership emergence in all-women groups: Evidence for role congruity theory in a field setting

The Leadership Quarterly ◽

10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.08.003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 189-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anne-Kathrin Schock ◽

Freya M. Gruber ◽

Thomas Scherndl ◽

Tuulia M. Ortner

Keyword(s):

Women's Leadership ◽

Role Congruity Theory ◽

Leadership Emergence ◽

Role Congruity ◽

Women Groups ◽

Congruity Theory ◽

Field Setting

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Dynamics of Public Risk Perception and Media Coverage

10.5771/9783748922728 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anne-Kathrin Fischer

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Public Opinion ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Demographic Change ◽

Media Coverage ◽

Personal Experience ◽

Third Party ◽

The Us ◽

Public Risk

Many societal risks are beyond the scope of personal experience. Thus, people are increasingly dependent on third-party information to assess risks. This study examines the dynamics of public risk perception by focusing on the role of media coverage. It does so by comparing public opinion on selected societal risks, namely climate change, terrorism and demographic change over a 25-year period (1990–2015). The analysis examines risk perception in the US and Germany and provides valuable insights into how and why the public's assessment of risks differs in these countries.

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Start-Ups and Spin-Offs in Biotechnology Sector in Poland

Biotechnology ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-8903-7.ch053 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1293-1321

Author(s):

Anna Białek-Jaworska ◽

Renata Gabryelczyk

Keyword(s):

Business Models ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Early Stage ◽

Global Strategy ◽

Third Party ◽

Start Up ◽

Warsaw Stock Exchange ◽

Business Line ◽

Definition Of ◽

Start Ups

This chapter concerns the subject of research-developmental activity of biotech spin-offs in Poland with particular reference to their strategy, determinants of their development and determinants of their financial standing. In the chapter, the authors analyse the determinants of biotech spin-offs and start-ups development in Poland in the light of the research commercialisation cooperation on the universities-business line. The literature overview contains the definition of a process for the commercialisation of the results of research and development (R&D) activity and components of companies' business models. The chapter defines key activities in the development of business models in the context of the commercialisation process and the life cycle of the company, especially at the start up and early stage. Quality-quantitative analysis includes the business models of seven biotechnology spin-offs traded on the alternative market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange, especially the structure of their intellectual capital, R&D expenses in relation to received subsides and grants, third-party shares in start up equity, and the ability to realise the “Go Global” strategy.

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