Revisiting the Impact of Modernization on Support for Women Politicians: The Role of Women’s Political Empowerment

We examine the role of societal modernization and women’s political empowerment in generating support for women politicians amongst citizens. Using a global analysis of 116 countries with a new dataset of micro- and macro-level longitudinal data, we show that societal modernization and women’s political empowerment only have positive effects on support for women in politics when the other is also present. For citizens who experienced either societal modernization or women’s political empowerment, but not both, we do not see this positive relationship. Crucially, these patterns hold when analysing the current social and political context, as well as the context experienced by citizens during their formative years. We argue that both social and political changes are required to develop supportive attitudes towards women in politics.

The empowerment of Latin American women in politics

The book untitle: “The empowerment of Latin American women in politics” is integrated by three chapters. The first one covers elements related to female empowerment in politics, especifically the topics related to feminist theory and political representation. The second one deals with empowerment and political participation of women in Latin America; it highlights the status of women and their political participation as well as the influencing factors in women’s political participation. The third one transactions with neutrosophical evaluation of the political participation of women candidates and elected officials of the provincial municipality of Huamanga.

Features of the Development of the Modern Finnish Feminist Movement

The Finnish state has created a high level of social protection for its women. Thanks to social support, Finnish women have become economically independent and have been given the opportunity for personal and professional development. Gender equality is inextricably linked to democracy, human rights and social justice. The Finnish state actively supports the women’s movement and in particular feminist organizations. The process of involving women in politics was slow. The first feminist party, Feministinen puolue, is active in Finland.

Gender and Politics: Gender Balance as a Panacea to a Credible and Successful Election

This paper focuses on Gender Balance as a Panacea to a Credible and Successful Election, having as its raison d’être: to review the concept of gender balance and appropriate its implications towards achieving a credible and successful election required for the existence of human centered development process in sub-Saharan Africa, with Nigeria as a case study. Thus, the paper achieves its goal by adopting a qualitative descriptive method of analysis as it examines qualitatively: the urgency for the crusade on gender balance; the inter-linkages between gender balance and a credible-successful election. A few theoretical orientations were employed to mediate for a proper epistemic extrapolations and reconstructions to explaining gender balance as a panacea to a credible and successful election: these include, the notion of Social Contract, the notion of Democratic Culture, and the notion of Participatory Electoral Process. The paper made some findings, a few of these include: 1) there is the tendency in the sub-Saharan African socio-political cultural practice, Nigeria in particular, to socially exclude women in politics because the female gender has been judged first of all from sexuality point of view as a second class gender rather than seeing women, first of all, as humans, hence entitled to human rights for which right to political participation is inclusive. 2) There is a correlation between gender balance and a credible-successful election, and the absence of the former reproduces a negative outcome in the latter. The paper therefore concludes that strict observance of gender balance is a sine qua non for a credible-successful election conducive for human centered development process. It thus recommends for the total commitment of government to democratic culture by mainstreaming women in politics, inter alia. Received: 27 July 2021 / Accepted: 15 October 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

Women and Kinship Politics in the 2020 Regional Head Elections in Central Java

One of the entrances for women in politics is through kinship. In the 2020 regional head elections in Central Java, the nomination of women from incumbent families or political elites took place in various regions. Some have political experience; some have less experience. This paper examines how the nomination and victory of female candidates, whether because of kinship, or the need for experience, personal qualities, or other reasons. This research is descriptive with a qualitative approach, using data from the results of the vote, candidate data, and some related information. This study found that female candidates with kinship relations do not always win elections, but must have political capital, social capital, and competence, as well as support from political parties.

Gender inequality in Assam

Democracy may be seen as a critical component of human development in its broadest sense. It is a need for human advancement. Democracy contributes to the achievement of the broader objectives of society’s growth. In a democratic society, everyone, including men and women, is encouraged to take an active role in the free and fair election of their representatives. Everyone in the world benefits from democracy because it ensures that everyone has the same opportunities for success, equal rights, and the opportunity to participate in government activities, as well as a society that is free from prejudice. Contrast to this fundamental concept of democracy, women are more obviously barred from participation in politics and from many aspects of everyday life in a nation like India. Women in India are dissatisfied with national, state, and even municipal politics, despite the fact that over half of the country’s women are still barred from participating in policy and decision-making. Similarly, Assam, India’s north-eastern state, is not an exception in this respect. Accordingly, in this article an attempt has been made here to explore the extent of participation of women in political activities as well as the factors influencing participating of women in politics.

Weak Local Parliament's Role: A Case Study of the West Nusa Tenggara Provincial People's Representative Assembly, 2009-2014

This study examined the weak of local parliament (DPRD)'s role in serving legislation, budgeting, and supervision function as well as its low of women’s representation. It is assumed that DPRD position as part of regional government regime –instead of parliament one, make them impossible to play the role utmost. DPRD is frequently compared with the central parliament (DPR): Despite being the same legislative bodies, however, they have different roles and authority. In contrast to this assumption, rules by law normatively conceive that role of DPR and DPRD are remains the same. Their difference is just the level of they represent. Therefore, DPRD's inability to conduct normative roles pursuant to provisions of laws is important to explain. Taking the provincial DPRD of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) as the case, this study attempted to disentangle weak of the local parliament, despite having broad normative authority. Several causes related to lack of human resources, lack of technical support and facilities, are the constitute factors that contribute DPRD's weak role. Meanwhile, the strong patriarchal culture and the fierce of electoral competition have been contributing to low women’s representation in DPRD. The study is expected to provide a significant contribution to the academic debate on the non-optimal existence of DPRD. Also, a debate on women in politics, particularly with respect their representation in the local parliament.