Implementation of Traditional Medicine Remedies During The COVID-19 Pandemic as Health Improvement and Empowerment of Indonesian Women

The COVID-19 pandemic is still a polemic of life in the world. WHO explains that there are still several countries showing an increase in COVID-19 incident.There are still active case of COVID-19 in Indonesia, which is why Indonesian people should remain vigilant, follow the instruction of the Indonesian Ministry of Health, and do 5M. In addition, the Ministry of Health in Indonesia also recommends using traditional medicine to maintain health, provide adequate nutrition and help overcome health problems. Muslim women groups from various regions in Indonesia can be suitable subjects of community service to assist the government in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic, one of which is through education about COVID-19 and traditional medicine used during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method used in this community service is through educational webinars and measurement of understanding using an electronic questionnaire. After the educational webinar, the team collected the participant's activity in implementing traditional medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this community service activity increased the knowledge of the community service participants to 85.83%. The participants also implemented traditional medicine by sending photos of the activities of the community service participants. This community service activity aims to overcome the problem of information gaps and increase the knowledge of Muslim women groups from various regions in Indonesia to improve and maintain the quality of life and health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants in this activity look active and enthusiastic during community service activities.

Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Placental Global DNA Methylation and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine Levels in Mother-new-born Binomials

Background: Smoking is practiced worldwide for both men and women, and it is associated with different diseases and deleterious effects on gestational products, chiefly during pregnancy. Epigenetic alterations induced by cigarette smoke must be related to perinatal abnormalities. Methods: 219 pregnant women, aged 16 to 34 years, with or without a history of cigarette consumption (1–5/day) during the first trimester of pregnancy and their offspring were studied in this work. A validated dietary questionnaire was used to estimate daily consumptions of macronutrients and micronutrients, including total energy, during pregnancy. As a marker of DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were determined in plasma of women, before delivery, in umbilical cord blood after delivery, in the new-borns. The proportion of methylated DNA in the placentas (metDNA) was determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). Results: Non-significant differences were observed between smoking and non-smoking women groups, or between the new-borns groups (p > 0.05). Smoking women showed up higher intakes of vitamins, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in comparison with non-smoking women (p < 0.01). 8-OHdG levels correlated among the mothers and new-borns (p = 5.386e-15) and were lower in the smoking binomials in comparison with non-smoking binomials (β = −1.20 to −64). Negative correlations were found between micronutrients and macronutrients but Vitamin C, and 8-OHdG levels of the women (p < 0.01). However, the new-borns 8-OHdG correlated with proteins, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 (p < 0.05). Cigarettes consumed per day correlated to the 8-8HdG levels (Rho = −0.247, p = 0.012), alcohol consumption (Rho = 0.219, p = 0.001), to macronutrients (Rho = 212 to 332, p < 0.01), micronutrients (Rho = 186 to 289, p < 0.01), and to energy (Rho = 0.286, p = 0.001). Finally, metDNA deceased in the smoking women than in the non-smoking women (β = −0.12, p < 0.05), and correlated with the number of cigarettes consumed per day (Rho = −0.229, p = 0.009). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking alters metDNA levels of the placenta, however, their clinical effects come out over years or transgenerationally.

Marketing Efficiency of The “Emping melinjo” in Farmer Women Groups in Batang Region, Central Java

This study aims to examine the marketing efficiency of processed melinjo in women's farmer groups with data collected in Batang Regency, Central Java. Emping melinjo has contributed to providing additional work for mothers as a side business. The method used in this research is a survey of KWT Tani Rejo. Melinjo emping producer data was collected by purposive (deliberate) and traders' samples were done by snowball sampling and respondents were taken by census on all members of KWT Tani Rejo. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and calculated using margin analysis and farmer share. The results show that the first channel of emping melinjo marketing is the most efficient than the second and third channels. Producers accept higher prices and do not bear marketing costs, because they sell directly to consumers. Meanwhile, marketing efficiency on channels 2 and 3 is greater than 30%. Margins on channels 2 and 3 reached 40% and 16% respectively. Marketing actors include producers, collectors, wholesalers, agents, and retailers. The involvement of women in this business group is due to limited costs and access to market information.

The Training of Fruit Leather Mango Processing in Kaibobu Village, West Seram District, West Seram Regency

Mangoes are a widely available type of fruit during the harvest seasons in Kaibobu Village, West Seram, Western Seram Regency, Maluku Province. However, there have been no innovative measures to preserve the mangoes to be consumed outside their harvest seasons. Thus, there should be a training program that focuses on mango processing techniques employed to increase the storability of these mangos while maintaining their nutrient compositions. One such technique is fruit leather. Targeting the family empowerment women groups in Kaibobu Village, the training activities aimed to boost the people’s knowledge and skills in utilizing the potentials of mangoes processed into fruit leather. The activities included both education and training sessions. These community service activities have run well and provided various benefits to the people of Kaibobu Village. The community participation in the program was also evident, as seen from their enthusiasm when they joined both education and training sessions. The participants have garnered more knowledge about mangoes’ nutritional values, technology to process mangoes into fruit leather, and product packaging through the education activities. They also better understood the importance of mango processing and had better skills in processing mangoes into fruit leather. Lastly, the participants received the equipment needed to process their mangoes into fruit leather.

Influence of Income Generating Activities and Resource Accessibility on Empowerment of Women in Makueni County

There is need to establish the role played by NGOs in promoting women empowerment and how this leads to reduction of the socio-economic vulnerability of women. Because of the low participation of women in decision making process, control over ownership and access of resources and wealth, increased poverty levels, increased cases of gender-based violence. This has necessitated the need to establish the role of NGOs in women empowerment in Makueni County. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the effect of income generating activities and the resource availability on women empowerment. The anchor theory for this study is the Women Empowerment Framework by Sara Longwe and the other theory used in the study include Kabeers 3-dimensional model. The study population was 60 women groups in Kalawa ward, Makueni County who have benefited from the NGOs programs. The total number of respondents were 1254 and a sample size of 294 was used. The study found that there was an influence of income generating activities on women empowerment. A unit increase in income generating activities was found to increase women empowerment by 0.323 units. The study also found that there was there was a negative influence of resource accessibility on women empowerment, implying that a unit increase in resource accessibility decreases women empowerment by 0.152 units. The study recommendations are that NGOs, National and County Governments to provide linkage to markets for the products from the income generating activities by women groups. Both Government and NGOs should develop frameworks to engage women in development agenda. Keywords: Women Empowerment, Income Generating Activities, Resource Availability

Effects of Financial Inclusion and Awareness Creation on Women Empowerment in Kalawa Ward, Makueni County-Kenya

Despite the ever-increasing number of NGOs in Makueni County aimed at socio-economic empowerment of women, gender inequalities are persistent and poverty levels are high. This is evident by low participation of women in decision making process, control over ownership and access of resources and wealth, increased poverty levels, increased cases of gender-based violence. This has necessitated the need to establish the role of NGOs in women empowerment in Makueni County. The purpose of the study was to establish the role of NGOs in financial inclusion of women and the creation of awareness on property rights for women. The anchor theory for this study is the Women Empowerment Framework by Sara Longwe and the other theories used in the study include Kabeers 3-dimensional model; the public goods theory of financial inclusion. The study population was 60 women groups in Kalawa ward, Makueni County who have benefited from the NGOs programs. The total number of respondents were 1254 and a sample size of 294 was used. The findings revealed that financial inclusion and awareness creation on the right to own resources and property influence women empowerment. The focus group discussions highlighted that the NGOs are doing very little in regards to awareness creation on the right of ownership of resources and property. Women cited that discrimination, being left out of development agenda, illiteracy and patriarchal nature of the society as the major challenge. The study recommendations were that NGOs, National and County Governments should provide linkage to markets for the products from the income generating activities by women groups. Both Government and NGOs should develop frameworks to engage women in development agenda. Keywords: Women Empowerment, Financial Inclusion, Awareness Creation, NGOs, Makueni County.

245Comparison of methods for classifying heterogeneity in gestational diabetes (GDM) and association with outcomes

Background Clinical experience suggests that diverse clinical subtypes exist within the broader diagnosis of GDM. Analysis from a single centre recently outlined heterogeneity in GDM with respect to insulin secretion and sensitivity, defining four GDM subtypes: 1) GDMsecr (&lt;25th centile HOMA-β (Hb) for non-GDM); 2) GDMsens (&lt;25th centile Matsuda Index for non-GDM); 3) GDMmixed (both GDMsecr and GDMsens); 4) GDMND, no defect (neither GDMsecr and GDMsens). Classification using these subtypes is associated with adverse outcomes. Methods Following similar methodology, women with GDM were classified into four subtypes including comparison of Hb, insulinogenic index (II) and Stumvoll first-phase estimate (SV) for defining GDMsecr. Analyses compared neonatal outcomes with non-GDM women and between GDM groups using c2 tests and regression analyses adjusted for multiple confounders including maternal age, BMI and HAPO study centre. Results Hb, II and SV gave divergent results for GDMsecr, with only 19% concordance. In all analyses, GDMND (10% by Hb, 6% by II, 6% by SV) showed outcome frequencies similar to those of non-GDM women; groups 1-3 showed higher risks (p &lt; 0.01 vs non GDM). These results persisted in the fully adjusted model (aOR generally &gt;2.0). Conclusions Different clinical subtypes in GDM are associated with differing risks of adverse outcome. Key messages Determination of GDM subtype can assist in assessing GDM women at higher risk of adverse clinical outcome and help guide clinical practice.

A Critical Analysis of Mode of Functioning of Women Collective Farming Groups in Palakkad District of Kerala State

Collective farming aims to bring significant changes among farmwomen through increased agricultural production and productivity. The present study was undertaken to analyse the ‘mode of functioning of different women collective farming groups’ in Palakkad district of Kerala during 2017-2018 by the ex-post-facto research design with a sample size of 90 groups. The result revealed that the majority (67.78%) of the collective women groups were formed by the support of local self- governing bodies. The groups concentrated on location-based farming activities and the reason might be that these groups were operating at the grassroots level obliviously they got full support from the local bodies. Freedom of participation in the group process was expressed by 65.56 per cent of the participants. Three-fourth (75.56%) of respondents expressed that decision-making in groups done with consensus brings strong coherence among the members. Attendance of members in group meetings/activities was expressed by 84.44 per cent of the respondents. Further, the function of record maintenance was expressed by 92.20 per cent of the respondents which helped them to analyse and review the past activities with existing ones. There was 84.44 per cent of benefits sharing among the group members equally and the remaining 15.56 per cent of them were keeping some amount as corpus fund for the group. In nutshell, to strengthen the women collective farming groups, one must facilitate the groups to acquire strong communication process, decision making and mutual trust, transparency in benefit sharing, risk taking etc., which will help the groups to take up agriculture and allied activities in a sustained manner.

PENDAMPINGAN INTRODUKSI BAYAM BRAZIL SEBAGAI SAYUR PEKARANGAN DI KOTA BANJARBARU

Banjarbaru merupakan kota pemukiman yang sebagian besar penduduknya tinggal di lahan sempit. Diversifikasi tanaman pekarangan perlu dilakukan di Kota Banjarbaru. Salah satu tanaman pekarangan yang mulai dibudidayakan masyarakat perkotaan pada saat ini dikenal dengan sebutan bayam Brazil (Alternanthera sissoo). Tanaman ini mulai diimpor dan diperkenalkan ke beberapa negara Asia Tenggara, seperti Malaysia dan Indonesia. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pendampingan introduksi tanaman Bayam Brazil sebagai tanaman pekarangan di Kota Banjarbaru. Metode kegiatan yang digunakan dalam pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah metode penyuluhan dan pendampingan. Kegiatan penyuluhan dilaksanakan di Aula Gawi Sabarataan Balai Kota Pemerintah Kota Banjarbaru selama satu hari. Peserta kegiatan berjumlah 59 orang yang terdiri dari Ketua Kelompok Wanita Tani, Ketua Dasa Wisma, dan Tim Penggerak PKK Kota Banjarbaru. Pendampingan penanaman bayam Brazil dilakukan di beberapa kelompok wanita tani. Masyarakat Kota Banjarbaru sangat antusias untuk menanam tanaman bayam Brazil di pekarangan. Hal ini karena tanaman bayam Brazil dapat dikonsumsi, mudah diperbanyak, mudah dibudidayakan, dan memiliki bentuk yang estetik. Kata kunci: Bayam Brazil, Lahan Pekarangan,Urban Farming ABSTRACT Banjarbaru is a residential city that mostly lives in narrow land. Diversification of yard plants needs to be done in Banjarbaru. One of the yard plants that began to be cultivated by urban communities today is known as Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo). This plant began to be imported and introduced to several Southeast Asian countries, such as Malaysia and Indonesia. This community service activity aims to provide assistance in the introduction of Brazilian spinach plants as vegetable backyard in Banjarbaru Town. The method of activity used in community service is the method of counseling and assistance. Counseling activities were held at Gawi Sabarataan Hall of Banjarbaru for one day. The participants of the activity numbered 59 people consisting of the Chairmans of the Farmer Women Groups, the Chairmans of Dasa Wisma, and the PKK (Family Welfare Development) Mobilization Team of Banjarbaru City. Assistance in planting Brazilian spinach was carried out in Farmer Women Groups. Banjarbaru people are very enthusiastic to grow Brazilian spinach plants in the yard. This is because Brazil spinach plants can be consumed, easily reproduced, easy to cultivate, and have an aesthetic shape. Keywords: Brazilian Spinach, Backyard, Urban Farming

Measurement Invariance and Criterion Validity of Comprehensive Knowledge about HIV/AIDS Prevention Scale in the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey Tool

Background: Limited information exists on the functioning of comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention scale in the Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys. Objectives: This paper aimed to: (i) examine measurement invariance of comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention scale across men and women groups in Uganda; and (ii) evaluate the criterion related validity of the scale using HIV testing as an outcome variable. Methods: The study was based on cross-sectional Uganda Demographic and Health Survey data of 2016. Measurement invariance was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis in the framework of structural equation modelling while criterion-related validity was investigated by fitting a binary logistic regression model that explained the relationship between HIV testing and comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention. Results: The results show that, the construct is invariant across men and women groups at the dimensional, metric and scalar levels, however, all models presented poor fit. Furthermore, criterion-related validity of comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention with HIV testing, was confirmed. Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the need to revise items included in the comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention scale in order to improve its performance.