The polymorphism of core promoter region on metallothionein 2A-metal binding protein in Turkish population

Activators of protein kinase C, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), are known to regulate the expression of many genes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) gene, by affecting the level or activity of upstream transcription factors. To investigate the mechanism whereby TPA activates the TNF promoter, a series of 5'-deletion mutants of the human TNF promoter linked to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was transfected into U937 human promonocytic cells. TPA produced a 7- to 11-fold activation of all TNF promoters tested, even those promoters truncated to contain only the core promoter with no upstream enhancer elements. The proximal TNF promoter containing only 28 nucleotides upstream and 10 nucleotides downstream of the RNA start site confers TPA activation to a variety of unrelated upstream enhancer elements and transcription factors, including Sp1, CTF/NF1, cyclic AMP-response element, GAL-E1a, and GAL-VP16. The level of activation by TPA depends on the TATA box structure, since the TPA response is greater in promoters containing the sequence TATAAA than in those containing TATTAA or TATTTA. These findings suggest that the core promoter region is a target for gene regulation by second-messenger pathways.

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Proteins in Load-Bearing Junctions: The Histidine-Rich Metal-Binding Protein of Mussel Byssus†,‡

Biochemistry ◽

10.1021/bi061677n ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 45 (47) ◽

pp. 14223-14231 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Hua Zhao ◽

J. Herbert Waite

Keyword(s):

Metal Binding ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Load Bearing ◽

Metal Binding Protein ◽

Mussel Byssus

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The decapentaplegic core promoter region plays an integral role in the spatial control of transcription.

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.15.7.3960 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 3960-3968 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

D H Schwyter ◽

J D Huang ◽

T Dubnicoff ◽

A J Courey

Keyword(s):

Expression Pattern ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Promoter Region ◽

Core Promoter ◽

Critical Role ◽

Regulatory Elements ◽

Drosophila Embryo ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Core Promoter Region ◽

Flanking Region

The Drosophila melanogaster decapentaplegic (dpp) gene encodes a transforming growth factor beta-related cell signaling molecule that plays a critical role in dorsal/ventral pattern formation. The dpp expression pattern in the Drosophila embryo is dynamic, consisting of three phases. Phase I, in which dpp is expressed in a broad dorsal domain, depends on elements in the dpp second intron that interact with the Dorsal transcription factor to repress transcription ventrally. In contrast, phases II and III, in which dpp is expressed first in broad longitudinal stripes (phase II) and subsequently in narrow longitudinal stripes (phase III), depend on multiple independent elements in the dpp 5'-flanking region. Several aspects of the normal dpp expression pattern appear to depend on the unique properties of the dpp core promoter. For example, this core promoter (extending from -22 to +6) is able to direct a phase II expression pattern in the absence of additional upstream or downstream regulatory elements. In addition, a ventral-specific enhancer in the dpp 5'-flanking region that binds the Dorsal factor activates the heterologous hsp70 core promoter but not the dpp core promoter. Thus, the dpp core promoter region may contribute to spatially regulated transcription both by interacting directly with spatially restricted activators and by modifying the activity of proteins bound to enhancer elements.

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