Although a great deal is known about the regulation of gene expression in terms of transcription, relatively little is known about the modulation of pre-mRNA processing. In this study, we exploited a genetically regulated system, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and its trans-activator Rev, to examine events that occur between the synthesis of pre-mRNA in the nucleus and the translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm. Unlike the majority of eukaryotic pre-mRNAs whose introns are efficiently recognized and spliced prior to nucleocytoplasmic transport, HIV-1 mRNAs containing functional introns must be exported to the cytoplasm for the expression of many viral proteins. Using human T cells containing stably integrated proviruses, we demonstrate that such incompletely spliced viral mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm only in the presence of the Rev trans-activator. In the absence of Rev, these intron-containing RNAs are sequestered in the T-cell nucleus and either spliced or, more commonly, degraded. Because Rev does not inhibit the expression of fully spliced viral mRNA species in T cells, we propose that Rev, rather than inhibiting viral pre-mRNA splicing, is acting here both to prevent the nuclear degradation of HIV-1 pre-mRNAs and to induce their translocation to the cytoplasm. Taken together, these findings indicate that the cellular factors responsible for the nuclear retention of unspliced pre-mRNAs, although most probably splicing factors, do not invariably commit these RNAs to productive splicing and can, instead, program such transcripts for degradation.
Zinc-finger-nucleases mediate specific and efficient excision of HIV-1 proviral DNA from infected and latently infected human T cells