Facultative CAM photosynthesis (crassulacean acid metabolism) in four species of Calandrinia, ephemeral succulents of arid Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. M. Holtum ◽  
Lillian P. Hancock ◽  
Erika J. Edwards ◽  
Klaus Winter
Keyword(s):  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Cam Photosynthesis

scholarly journals A perspective on crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis evolution of orchids on different continents: Dendrobium as a case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (22) ◽  
pp. 6611-6619
Author(s):  
Ming-He Li ◽  
Ding-Kun Liu ◽  
Guo-Qiang Zhang ◽  
Hua Deng ◽  
Xiong-De Tu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Asian Clade ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cam Species ◽  
Climatic Cooling ◽  
Cam Photosynthesis

Abstract Members of the Orchidaceae, one of the largest families of flowering plants, evolved the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis strategy. It is thought that CAM triggers adaptive radiation into new niche spaces, yet very little is known about its origin and diversification on different continents. Here, we assess the prevalence of CAM in Dendrobium, which is one of the largest genera of flowering plants and found in a wide range of environments, from the high altitudes of the Himalayas to relatively arid habitats in Australia. Based on phylogenetic time trees, we estimated that CAM, as determined by δ 13C values less negative than –20.0‰, evolved independently at least eight times in Dendrobium. The oldest lineage appeared in the Asian clade during the middle Miocene, indicating the origin of CAM was associated with a pronounced climatic cooling that followed a period of aridity. Divergence of the four CAM lineages in the Asian clade appeared to be earlier than divergence of those in the Australasian clade. However, CAM species in the Asian clade are much less diverse (25.6%) than those in the Australasian clade (57.9%). These findings shed new light on CAM evolutionary history and the aridity levels of the paleoclimate on different continents.

Distribution of crassulacean acid metabolism in orchids of Panama: evidence of selection for weak and strong modes

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katia Silvera ◽  
Louis S. Santiago ◽  
Klaus Winter
Keyword(s):  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Carbon Isotopic ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Cam Photosynthesis ◽  
Nocturnal Acid Accumulation

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is one of three metabolic pathways found in vascular plants for the assimilation of carbon dioxide. In this study, we investigate the occurrence of CAM photosynthesis in 200 native orchid species from Panama and 14 non-native species by carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) and compare these values with nocturnal acid accumulation measured by titration in 173 species. Foliar δ13C showed a bimodal distribution with the majority of species exhibiting values of approximately –28‰ (typically associated with the C3 pathway), or –15‰ (strong CAM). Although thick leaves were related to δ13C values in the CAM range, some thin-leaved orchids were capable of CAM photosynthesis, as demonstrated by acid titration. We also found species with C3 isotopic values and significant acid accumulation at night. Of 128 species with δ13C more negative than –22‰, 42 species showed nocturnal acid accumulation per unit fresh mass characteristic of weakly expressed CAM. These data suggest that among CAM orchids, there may be preferential selection for species to exhibit strong CAM or weak CAM, rather than intermediate metabolism.

scholarly journals Effects of High Night Temperature on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) Photosynthesis ofKalanchoë pinnataandAnanas comosus

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Lin ◽  
Syunsuke Abe ◽  
Akihiro Nose ◽  
Akira Sunami ◽  
Yoshinobu Kawamitsu
Keyword(s):  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Cam Photosynthesis

scholarly journals Altered Gene Regulatory Networks are Associated with the Transition from C3 to Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Erycina (Oncidiinae: Orchidaceae)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Heyduk ◽  
Michelle Hwang ◽  
Victor A. Albert ◽  
Katia Silvera ◽  
Tianying Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Photosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Cam Plants ◽  
Multiple Time Points ◽  
Cam Photosynthesis

AbstractCrassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is a modification of the core C3 photosynthetic pathway that improves the ability of plants to assimilate carbon in water-limited environments. CAM plants fix CO2 mostly at night, when transpiration rates are low. All of the CAM pathway genes exist in ancestral C3 species, but the timing and magnitude of expression are greatly altered between C3 and CAM species. Understanding these regulatory changes is key to elucidating the mechanism by which CAM evolved from C3. Here we use two closely related species in the Orchidaceae, Erycina pusilla (CAM) and Erycina crista-galli (C3), to conduct comparative transcriptomic analyses across multiple time points. Clustering of genes with expression variation across the diel cycle revealed some canonical CAM pathway genes similarly expressed in both species, regardless of photosynthetic pathway. However, gene network construction indicated that 149 gene families had significant differences in network connectivity and were further explored for these functional enrichments. Genes involved in light sensing and ABA signaling were some of the most differently connected genes between the C3 and CAM Erycina species, in agreement with the contrasting diel patterns of stomatal conductance in C3 and CAM plants. Our results suggest changes to transcriptional cascades are important for the transition from C3 to CAM photosynthesis in Erycina.

scholarly journals The Evolution of CAM Photosynthesis in Australian Calandrinia Reveals Lability in C3+CAM Phenotypes and a Possible Constraint to the Evolution of Strong CAM

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillian P Hancock ◽  
Joseph A M Holtum ◽  
Erika J Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Annual Life Cycle ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
C3 Photosynthesis ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Cam Photosynthesis

Abstract Australian Calandrinia has radiated across the Australian continent during the last 30 Ma, and today inhabits most Australian ecosystems. Given its biogeographic range and reports of facultative Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis in multiple species, we hypothesized (1) that CAM would be widespread across Australian Calandrinia and that species, especially those that live in arid regions, would engage in strong CAM, and (2) that Australian Calandrinia would be an important lineage for informing on the CAM evolutionary trajectory. We cultivated 22 Australian Calandrinia species for a drought experiment. Using physiological measurements and δ13C values we characterized photosynthetic mode across these species, mapped the resulting character states onto a phylogeny, and characterized the climatic envelopes of species in their native ranges. Most species primarily utilize C3 photosynthesis, with CAM operating secondarily, often upregulated following drought. Several phylogenetically nested species are C3, indicating evolutionary losses of CAM. No strong CAM was detected in any of the species. Results highlight the limitations of δ13C surveys in detecting C3+CAM phenotypes, and the evolutionary lability of C3+CAM phenotypes. We propose a model of CAM evolution that allows for lability and reversibility among C3+CAM phenotypes and C3 and suggest that an annual life-cycle may preclude the evolution of strong CAM.

Are crassulacean acid metabolism and C4 photosynthesis incompatible?

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan F. Sage
Keyword(s):  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
Cam Plants ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
C4 Pathway ◽  
Cam Species ◽  
Cam Photosynthesis

This paper originates from a presentation at the IIIrd International Congress on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia, August 2001. Despite sharing a similar metabolism, crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and C4 photosynthesis are not known to occur in identical species, with the exception of Portulaca spp. In Portulaca, C4 and weak CAM photosynthesis occur in distinct regions of the leaf, rather than in the same cells. This is in marked contrast to the situation in most CAM species where C3 and CAM photosynthesis are active in the same cell over the course of a day and growing season. The lack of CAM and C4 photosynthesis in identical cells of a plant indicates these photosynthetic pathways are incompatible. Incompatibilities between CAM and C4 photosynthesis could have a number of biochemical, anatomical and evolutionary explanations. Biochemical incompatibilities could result from the requirement for spatial separation of C3 and C4 phases in C4 plants versus temporal separation in CAM plants. In C4 plants, regulatory systems coordinate mesophyll and bundle sheath metabolism, with light intensity being the major environmental signal. In CAM plants, a circadian oscillator coordinates day and night phases of CAM. The requirement for rapid intercellular transport in C4 plants may be incompatible with the intracellular transport and storage needs of CAM. For example, the large vacuole required for malate storage in CAM could impede metabolite diffusion between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in C4 plants. Anatomical barriers could also exist because both CAM and the C4 pathway require distinct leaf anatomies for efficient function. Efficient function of the C4 pathway generally requires an outer layer of cells specialized for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylation and regeneration and an inner layer for CO2 accumulation and refixation, while CAM species require enlarged vacuoles and tight cell packing. In evolutionary terms, barriers preventing CAM and C4 photosynthesis in the same species may be the initial steps in the respective evolutionary pathways from C3 ancestors. The first steps in C4 photosynthesis are related to scavenging photorespiratory CO2 via localization of glycine decarboxylase in the bundle sheath cells. The initial steps in CAM evolution are associated with the scavenging of respiratory CO2 at night by PEP carboxylation. In each, simplified versions of the specialized anatomy may need to be present for the evolutionary sequence to begin. For C4 evolution, enhanced bundle sheath size may be required in C3 ancestors; for CAM evolution, succulence may be required. Thus, before CAM or C4 photosynthesis began to evolve, the outcome of the evolutionary experiment may have been predetermined.

Engineering of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Schiller ◽  
Andrea Bräutigam
Keyword(s):  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Regulatory Architecture ◽  
Cam Photosynthesis

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) has evolved from a C3 ground state to increase water use efficiency of photosynthesis. During CAM evolution, selective pressures altered the abundance and expression patterns of C3 genes and their regulators to enable the trait. The circadian pattern of CO2 fixation and the stomatal opening pattern observed in CAM can be explained largely with a regulatory architecture already present in C3 plants. The metabolic CAM cycle relies on enzymes and transporters that exist in C3 plants and requires tight regulatory control to avoid futile cycles between carboxylation and decarboxylation. Ecological observations and modeling point to mesophyll conductance as a major factor during CAM evolution. The present state of knowledge enables suggestions for genes for a minimal CAM cycle for proof-of-concept engineering, assuming altered regulation of starch synthesis and degradation are not critical elements of CAM photosynthesis and sufficient malic acid export from the vacuole is possible. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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