scholarly journals Xylem embolism refilling and resilience against drought-induced mortality in woody plants: processes and trade-offs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamir Klein ◽  
Melanie J. B. Zeppel ◽  
William R. L. Anderegg ◽  
Jasper Bloemen ◽  
Martin G. De Kauwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Xylem Embolism ◽  
Trade Offs

Tree life history strategies: the role of defenses

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Loehle
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Energy Investment ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Trade Offs

Analysis of energy partitioning between defensive investments and growth in woody plants indicates that increasing a tree's life-span should require increased energy investment in protective measures such as thick bark and defensive chemicals. Increased investment in such defenses, however, logically must slow down the growth rate, thereby raising the mortality rate for juveniles in competition for height growth. Early reproduction should also reduce the growth rate. It is hypothesized that rapid growth can substitute for these defenses, but the consequence is rapid decline upon reaching maturity. These predictions are tested with data compiled from the literature for 159 species of North American trees. Data analysis supports predictions. Longevity of angiosperms, but not of gymnosperms was correlated with increased investment in defenses as measured by volumetric heat content of the wood. Wood density was not as good a measure. Longevity of gymnosperms was predicted by resistance to wood decay. For both taxa there was a negative correlation between growth rate and longevity, supporting the hypothesis of growth trade-offs. Age of sexual maturity was closely predicted by longevity in angiosperms. There was no such relationship for conifers as a whole, though there was for pines. The lack of relationship for all conifers might be explained by (i) variation in reproductive opportunities for young trees of different species, or (ii) variation in growth rates of young trees in certain adverse habitats occupied by conifers.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of xylem embolism repair in woody plants: Research progress and questions

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 834-846
Author(s):  
JIN Ying ◽  
◽  
WANG Chuan-Kuan ◽  
ZHOU Zheng-Hu
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Xylem Embolism

The triangular space of abiotic stress tolerance in woody species: a unified trade-off model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
GIACOMO PUGLIELLI ◽  
Michael J. Hutchings ◽  
Lauri Laanisto
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Relationship

Tolerance of abiotic stress in woody plants is known to be constrained by biological trade-offs between different forms of stress, shade and drought in particular. However, there is still considerable uncertainty about the relationship between tolerances, and the limits on tolerance combinations. Using the most extensive database available on tolerance of shade, drought, waterlogging and cold in woody species, we demonstrate that stress tolerance combinations can be summarized by two PCA dimensions defining a triangular stress tolerance space (STS). The first dimension reflects segregation between drought- and waterlogging-tolerant species. The second reflects shade tolerance, which is independent of the other tolerances. The shape of the STS was compared with theoretical surfaces generated from several prominent theories that assume different interdependence relationships between stress tolerances. This allowed us to define the limits of shade, drought, waterlogging and cold tolerance combinations across the 799 woody species in the database. The STS reconciles all major theories about trade-offs between abiotic stress tolerances. It provides a unified trade-off model and a set of coordinates that can be used to examine how other aspects of plant biology, such as plant functional traits, change within the limits of abiotic stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Functional assembly of tropical montane tree islands in the Atlantic forest is shaped by stress-tolerance, bamboo-invasion and facilitation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Christmann ◽  
Bruno H.P. Rosado ◽  
Guillaume Delhaye ◽  
ILAINE MATOS ◽  
Helena Roland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Leaf Thickness ◽  
Functional Ecology ◽  
Tree Islands ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Foliar Water Uptake

Aims: Amidst the Campos the Altitude (Highland Grasslands) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, woody communities grow either clustered in tree islands or interspersed within the herbaceous matrix. The functional ecology, diversity and biotic processes shaping these communities are largely unstudied. We characterised the functional assembly and diversity of these tropical montane woody communities and investigated how those communities fit within the Grime’s CSR (C – competitor, S – stress-tolerant, R – ruderal) scheme, what trade-offs they exhibit and how traits and functional diversity vary in response to bamboo invasion. Methods: We sampled five leaf traits and wood density along transects covering the woody communities both inside tree islands and outside (i.e. woody plants in the grasslands community) to characterise the functional ecology of the community. We used Kruskal-Wallis test, t-test and variation partitioning to determine effects of inside vs outside the tree island and bamboo invasion on traits, woody species diversity and functional diversity. Results: We found a general SC/S strategy with drought-related functional trade-offs. Woody plants in tree islands had more acquisitive traits, whereas woody plants within the grasslands had more conservative traits. Trait variation was mostly taxonomically driven, and species composition varied between inside and outside tree islands. Leaf thickness, wood density and foliar water uptake were unrelated to CSR-strategies, suggesting independent trait dimensions and multiple drought-coping strategies within the predominant S-strategy. Bamboo-invaded islands showed lower Simpson diversity, lower functional dispersion, lower foliar water uptake and greater leaf thickness than non-invaded tree islands. Conclusions: The observed functional assembly in response to bamboo and facilitation have implications for future forest expansion and response of the communities to climate change. Further studies on eco-physiological and establishment traits and the mechanisms behind biotic interactions are needed to better understand the response of these communities to future environmental changes.

A review of new research progress on the vulnerability of xylem embolism of woody plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 838-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI Rong ◽  
◽  
JIANG Zai-Min ◽  
ZHANG Shuo-Xin ◽  
and CAI Jing
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Xylem Embolism ◽  
New Research

Drought Stress and the Recovery from Xylem Embolism in Woody Plants

2017 ◽  
pp. 197-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Nardini ◽  
Tadeja Savi ◽  
Patrizia Trifilò ◽  
Maria A. Lo Gullo
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Xylem Embolism

Novel players fine-tune plant trade-offs

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selena Gimenez-Ibanez ◽  
Marta Boter ◽  
Roberto Solano
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Jaz Proteins ◽  
Regulatory Feedback Loop ◽  
Fine Tune

Jasmonates (JAs) are essential signalling molecules that co-ordinate the plant response to biotic and abiotic challenges, as well as co-ordinating several developmental processes. Huge progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the components and mechanisms that govern JA perception and signalling. The bioactive form of the hormone, (+)-7-iso-jasmonyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile), is perceived by the COI1–JAZ co-receptor complex. JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins also act as direct repressors of transcriptional activators such as MYC2. In the emerging picture of JA-Ile perception and signalling, COI1 operates as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that upon binding of JA-Ile targets JAZ repressors for degradation by the 26S proteasome, thereby derepressing transcription factors such as MYC2, which in turn activate JA-Ile-dependent transcriptional reprogramming. It is noteworthy that MYCs and different spliced variants of the JAZ proteins are involved in a negative regulatory feedback loop, which suggests a model that rapidly turns the transcriptional JA-Ile responses on and off and thereby avoids a detrimental overactivation of the pathway. This chapter highlights the most recent advances in our understanding of JA-Ile signalling, focusing on the latest repertoire of new targets of JAZ proteins to control different sets of JA-Ile-mediated responses, novel mechanisms of negative regulation of JA-Ile signalling, and hormonal cross-talk at the molecular level that ultimately determines plant adaptability and survival.

Dual Goals for Speed and Accuracy on the Same Performance Task

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olive Emil Wetter ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Klaus Jonas ◽  
Klaus-Helmut Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In most work contexts, several performance goals coexist, and conflicts between them and trade-offs can occur. Our paper is the first to contrast a dual goal for speed and accuracy with a single goal for speed on the same task. The Sternberg paradigm (Experiment 1, n = 57) and the d2 test (Experiment 2, n = 19) were used as performance tasks. Speed measures and errors revealed in both experiments that dual as well as single goals increase performance by enhancing memory scanning. However, the single speed goal triggered a speed-accuracy trade-off, favoring speed over accuracy, whereas this was not the case with the dual goal. In difficult trials, dual goals slowed down scanning processes again so that errors could be prevented. This new finding is particularly relevant for security domains, where both aspects have to be managed simultaneously.

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