scholarly journals A targeted metabolomic protocol for short-chain fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids

Metabolomics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojiao Zheng ◽  
Yunping Qiu ◽  
Wei Zhong ◽  
Sarah Baxter ◽  
Mingming Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

BIOSYNTHESIS OF BRANCHED-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS: IV. FACTORS AFFECTING RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF FATTY ACIDS PRODUCED BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshi Kaneda
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The fatty acids produced by Bacillus subtilis may be grouped into four pairs: 12-methyltetradecanoic and 14-methylhexadecanoic acids (anteiso-C15and anteiso-C17), 13-methyltetradecanoic and 15-methylhexadecanoic acids (iso-C15and iso-C17), 12-methyltridecanoic and 14-methylpentadecanoic acids (iso-C14and iso-C16), and myristic and palmitic acids (n-C14and n-C16). Any one of the branched-chain amino acids, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, or L-valine, or of the branched short-chain fatty acids, α-methylbutyrate, isovalerate, or isobutyrate, added to the glucose – yeast extract medium increased the synthesis of the specific pairs of fatty acids structurally related to the added substrate and decreased the synthesis of other fatty acids. This indicates that the relative abundance of branched-chain fatty acids in B. subtilis is a function of the relative availability of the precursors of the terminal portions of the fatty acids, presumably α-methylbutyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA, and isobutyryl-CoA. This mechanism is consistent with the relative abundances of branched-chain fatty acids found in mutants of B. subtilis which require particular branched-chain amino acids. The biotin content of the culture medium and the length of incubation time also affected the relative abundance of the fatty acids.

scholarly journals Chicken-eaters and pork-eaters have different gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Shi ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Fan Zhao ◽  
Chong Wang ◽  
Galia Zamaratskaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractThis study was aimed to evaluate the differences in the composition of gut microbiota, tryptophan metabolites and short-chain fatty acids in feces between volunteers who frequently ate chicken and who frequently ate pork. Twenty male chicken-eaters and 20 male pork-eaters of 18 and 30 years old were recruited to collect feces samples for analyses of gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites. Chicken-eaters had more diverse gut microbiota and higher abundance of Prevotella 9, Dialister, Faecalibacterium, Megamonas, and Prevotella 2. However, pork-eaters had higher relative abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Dialister, and Ruminococcus 2. In addition, chicken-eaters had high contents of skatole and indole in feces than pork-eaters, as well as higher contents of total short chain fatty acids, in particular for acetic acid, propionic acid, and branched chain fatty acids. The Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of Prevotella 2 and Prevotella 9 was positively correlated with levels of fecal skatole, indole and short-chain fatty acids. Thus, intake of chicken diet may increase the risk of skatole- and indole-induced diseases by altering gut microbiota.

Properties of Acetate Kinase Isozymes and a Branched-Chain Fatty Acid Kinase from a Spirochete

1982 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-254
Author(s):  
Caroline S. Harwood ◽  
Ercole Canale-Parola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Acetate Kinase ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Spirochete MA-2, which is anaerobic, ferments glucose, forming acetate as a major product. The spirochete also ferments (but does not utilize as growth substrates) small amounts of l -leucine, l -isoleucine, and l -valine, forming the branched-chain fatty acids isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, and isobutyrate, respectively, as end products. Energy generated through the fermentation of these amino acids is utilized to prolong cell survival under conditions of growth substrate starvation. A branched-chain fatty acid kinase and two acetate kinase isozymes were resolved from spirochete MA-2 cell extracts. Kinase activity was followed by measuring the formation of acyl phosphate from fatty acid and ATP. The branched-chain fatty acid kinase was active with isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, isovalerate, butyrate, valerate, or propionate as a substrate but not with acetate as a substrate. The acetate kinase isozymes were active with acetate and propionate as substrates but not with longer-chain fatty acids as substrates. The acetate kinase isozymes and the branched-chain fatty acid kinase differed in nucleoside triphosphate and cation specificities. Each acetate kinase isozyme had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 125,000, whereas the branched-chain fatty acid kinase had a molecular weight of approximately 76,000. These results show that spirochete MA-2 synthesizes a branched-chain fatty acid kinase specific for leucine, isoleucine, and valine fermentation. It is likely that a phosphate branched-chain amino acids is also synthesized by spirochete MA-2. Thus, in spirochete MA-2, physiological mechanisms have evolved which serve specifically to generate maintenance energy from branched-chain amino acids.

Metabolic substrate utilization by rabbit proximal tubule. An NADH fluorescence study

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (3) ◽  
pp. F407-F416 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Balaban ◽  
L. J. Mandel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Metabolic Substrate ◽  
Nadh Fluorescence ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The effects of various short-chain fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and amino acids on NADH fluorescence and oxygen consumption (QO2) of rabbit proximal tubule suspensions were determined. The short-chain fatty acids were the most effective substrates in increasing NADH fluorescence and QO2, followed by the carboxylic acids and amino acids. All of the substrates tested that increased NADH fluorescence proportionally increased QO2. This implies that the primary effect of these substrates was to increase QO2 by increasing the delivery of reducing equivalents to NAD and not by stimulating ATP hydrolysis directly. The relative affinity of several substrates to increase NADH fluorescence was also determined. The short-chain fatty acids had the highest affinity (10 microM range) followed by the carboxylic acids (100 microM range). These data demonstrate that the metabolic rate and NADH redox state of the renal cortical cell is very sensitive to the type of metabolic substrate available.

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