scholarly journals Correlating the trends of COVID-19 spread and air quality during lockdowns in Tier-I and Tier-II cities of India—lessons learnt and futuristic strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mangottiri Vasudevan ◽  
Narayanan Natarajan ◽  
Sugashini Masillamani Selvi ◽  
Kesavan Ravikumar ◽  
Arun Dharshini Rajendran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Lessons Learnt ◽  
Tier I

Tier II Basics

2019 ◽  
pp. 308-324
Author(s):  
Amy Campbell ◽  
Billie Jo Rodriguez ◽  
Kristen Schrauben
Keyword(s):  
Challenging Behaviors ◽  
Academic Needs ◽  
Student Body ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Diverse Student Body ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diverse Student ◽  
Tier Ii Interventions ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Tier I

Schools are charged with the challenge of addressing the complex social and academic needs of an increasingly diverse student body, while simultaneously facing reductions in funding, resources, and personnel. Schools are in need of effective and efficient behavioral support strategies to meet the needs of a wide range of students. Although Tier I strategies are essential to prevent many challenging behaviors, some students may require additional intervention and support. Tier II interventions are one mechanism for providing the additional support within an MTSS framework. This chapter defines the critical features of Tier II interventions and provides guidelines for implementing a range of interventions. The chapter also addresses issues related to the transition from Tier I to Tier II.

scholarly journals Estimación Tier II de emisión de metano entérico en hatos de vacas lactantes en Querétaro, México

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Daniela Morante López ◽  
Aurelio Guevara Escobar ◽  
Humberto Suzán Azpiri ◽  
Vicente Lemus Ramírez ◽  
Carlos Francisco Sosa Ferreyra
Keyword(s):  
Tier Ii ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Tier I

El metano (CH4) contribuye al cambio climático y su fuente antropogénica más importante es la fermentación entérica del ganado. A nivel continental el Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático establece factores de emisión entérica de CH4 por defecto (Tier I); pero las decisiones y evaluación de la mitigación necesitan estimaciones más exactas. Así, el objetivo fue calcular la emisión de metano entérico de hatos de vacas Holstein-Friesian en Querétaro, México con datos de pesaje de leche (Tier II). Las curvas de lactación se modelaron con la función gamma incompleta por lactancia y hato. Un total de 11,092 lactancias del 2007 tuvieron un rendimiento ajustado a 305 días (d) de 9,985 kg leche. La curva de lactancia fue diferente entre primíparas y multíparas; la duración de la lactancia fue 365±21 días. Durante la lactancia, la emisión entérica para primíparas y multíparas a 305 días fue 165.7±3.8 y 181.6±8.3 kg CH4 vaca-1; a 365 d fue de 201.8±4.6 y 223.7±11.0 kg CH4 vaca-1 (P<0.0025). La intensidad de emisión entérica fue semejante entre primíparas y multíparas (18 y 19 g CH4 kg-1 leche), similar a lo reportado en la literatura para vacas de alta producción intensiva. Los registros de rendimiento fueron útiles para caracterizar el rendimiento, duración de la lactancia y el efecto de número de lactancia en su influencia sobre los estimados de intensidad de emisión entérica.

Estimation of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in Canada. II. 1990–2005 inventory

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rochette ◽  
D E Worth ◽  
E C Huffman ◽  
J A Brierley ◽  
B G McConkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Tier I

International initiatives such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol require that countries conduct national inventories of their greenhouse gas emissions. The primary objective of the present study was to apply a country-specific (Tier II) methodology at the regional (≈150 000 ha) scale to estimate direct N2O emissions from agricultural soils in Canada for the period 1990–2005. Other N2O sources such as manure management and indirect emissions were estimated using the Tier I Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology and were included to provide a complete assessment of agricultural N2O emissions. Total N2O emissions from agricultural sources averaged 58.1 Gg N2O-N yr-1 between 1990 and 2005 (from 48.9 in 1990 to 71.6 Gg N2O-N yr-1 in 2004). Of these mean emissions, 39.3 Gg N2O-N yr-1 or 68% were direct emissions from soils, 8.7 Gg N2O-N yr-1 or 15% were direct emissions from animal waste management systems and 10.1 Gg N2O-N yr-1 or 17% were from indirect emissions. Application of synthetic N fertilizers was the largest direct source of soil N2O with average emissions during the inventory period of 13.7 Gg N2O-N yr-1 or 35% of direct emissions. Crop residues (9.3 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 24%), grazing animals (6.8 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 17%) and manure applied to soils (4.1 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 10%) were the other major direct soil N2O sources. New non-IPCC N2O sources/offsets included in the Tier II methodology accounted for 10% of total direct soil emissions. Emissions occurring during summerfallow (2.2 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 6%), in lower portions of the landscape (2.2 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 6%), and following irrigation (0.7 Gg N2O-N yr-1; 2%) were partially offset by changes in tillage practices (-1.2 Gg N2O-N yr-1; -3%) and in coarse-textured soils (-0.2 Gg N2O-N yr-1; -1%). Differences in N2O estimates between Tier I and Tier II approaches mainly arise from the use of lower fertilizer-induced emission factors in the dry Prairie region and the addition of several new N2O sources/offsets in the Tier II methodology. Key words: Nitrous oxide, soils, greenhouse gases, inventory

scholarly journals A Heuristic Approach for Optical Transceiver Placement to Optimize SNR and Illuminance Uniformities of an Optical Body Area Network

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2943
Author(s):  
Komal Masroor ◽  
Varun Jeoti ◽  
Micheal Drieberg ◽  
Sovuthy Cheab ◽  
Sujan Rajbhandari
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Optical Channel ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Communication Quality ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Tier I

The bi-directional information transfer in optical body area networks (OBANs) is crucial at all the three tiers of communication, i.e., intra-, inter-, and beyond-BAN communication, which correspond to tier-I, tier-II, and tier-III, respectively. However, the provision of uninterrupted uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) connections at tier II (inter-BAN) are extremely critical, since these links serve as a bridge between tier-I (intra-BAN) and tier-III (beyond-BAN) communication. Any negligence at this level could be life-threatening; therefore, enabling quality-of-service (QoS) remains a fundamental design issue at tier-II. Consequently, to provide QoS, a key parameter is to ensure link reliability and communication quality by maintaining a nearly uniform signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) within the coverage area. Several studies have reported the effects of transceiver related parameters on OBAN link performance, nevertheless the implications of changing transmitter locations on the SNR uniformity and communication quality have not been addressed. In this work, we undertake a DL scenario and analyze how the placement of light-emitting diode (LED) lamps can improve the SNR uniformity, regardless of the receiver position. Subsequently, we show that using the principle of reciprocity (POR) and with transmitter-receiver positions switched, the analysis is also applicable to UL, provided that the optical channel remains linear. Moreover, we propose a generalized optimal placement scheme along with a heuristic design formula to achieve uniform SNR and illuminance for DL using a fixed number of transmitters and compare it with an existing technique. The study reveals that the proposed placement technique reduces the fluctuations in SNR by 54% and improves the illuminance uniformity up to 102% as compared to the traditional approach. Finally, we show that, for very low luminous intensity, the SNR values remain sufficient to maintain a minimum bit error rate (BER) of 10−9 with on-off keying non-return-to-zero (OOK-NRZ) modulation format.

PBIS in Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections: How Tier II Practices Build Upon Tier I

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Alonzo-Vaughn ◽  
Raquel Bradley ◽  
Michelle Cassavaugh
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Corrections ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Tier I

A predictive index of biomarkers for ictogenesis from tier I safety pharmacology testing that may warrant tier II EEG studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 50-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V. Gauvin ◽  
Zachary J. Zimmermann ◽  
Joshua Yoder ◽  
Marci Harter ◽  
David Holdsworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Index ◽  
Safety Pharmacology ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Tier I

Impact of non-homogenous distributor's preferred allocation on shortages in hospitals

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 624-641
Author(s):  
Adelina Gnanlet ◽  
Hyun-cheol Paul Choi
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Price Discount ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Numerical Experimentation ◽  
High Penalty ◽  
Tier I

Purpose – Hospitals procure high volumes of medical supplies through large distributors in order to leverage economies of scale. However, when shortages hit, hospitals incur high penalty costs by purchasing from secondary markets. In this paper, the authors counter the hospital's typical purchasing strategy that a collaborative relationship with a large, Tier I medical supply distributor is beneficial under all conditions. The paper finds that during shortages the more beneficial strategy is for the hospital to add a medium-sized, Tier II distributor who offers a transactional relationship and is willing to provide a “preferred allocation” in return for a pre-committed annual purchase contract. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The authors assume availability of order volume to be a stochastic process and formulate the problem as a two-stage stochastic programming model, with optimal allocation in the second stage. The authors analyze the first-stage objective function using full-factorial numerical experimentation and perform a complete search for optimal volume mix. In addition, the model accounts for purchasing relationship, shortage cost, and varying price discount schedules. Findings – Under no shortage situation, hospitals purchase its entire order volume from Tier I distributor. However, during shortages, for any increase in preferred allocation from the Tier II distributor, hospitals purchase high volumes from the Tier II distributor except when preferred allocation and availability is high. The paper finds that the average cost savings for the use of preferred allocation is 16.14 percent. Originality/value – Existing purchasing literature focusses on the benefit of using single/multiple homogenous distributors under all conditions. In this paper, the authors examine the benefit of using non-homogenous distributors under conditions of shortage when one of them is willing to provide preferred allocation under varying price discount schedules.

scholarly journals Tiered Neuroscience and Mental Health Professional Development in Liberia Improves Teacher Self-Efficacy, Self-Responsibility, and Motivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Brick ◽  
Janice L. Cooper ◽  
Leona Mason ◽  
Sangay Faeflen ◽  
Josiah Monmia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Professional Development ◽  
Science Teachers ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Secondary Science ◽  
Secondary Science Teachers ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Training Of Trainers ◽  
Tier I

After acquiring knowledge of the neuroscience of learning, memory, stress and emotions, teachers incorporate more cognitive engagement and student-centered practices into their lessons. However, the role understanding neuroscience plays in teachers own affective and motivational competencies has not yet been investigated. The goal of this study was to investigate how learning neuroscience effected teachers’ self-efficacy, beliefs in their ability to teach effectively, self-responsibility and other components of teacher motivation. A pilot training-of-trainers program was designed and delivered in Liberia combining basic neuroscience with information on social, emotional, behavioral and mental health issues faced by students. Tier I of the professional development was a 2 weeks workshop led by a visiting neuroscientist. A subset of the 24 Tier I secondary science teachers formed a Leadership Team who adapted the content to the Liberian context and subsequently led additional workshops and follow-up sessions for the Tier II secondary science teachers. Science teachers in both tiers completed the affective-motivational scales from the internationally vetted, multiscale Innovative Teaching for Effective Learning Teacher Knowledge Survey from the OECD. Tier II teachers completed the survey in a pre-post-delayed post design. Tier I teachers completed the survey after the workshop with their attitudes at that time and separately with retrospective projections of their pre-workshop attitudes. Ten of the 92 Tier II teachers participated in structured interviews at follow-up. Statistical analysis of survey data demonstrated improved teacher self-efficacy, self-responsibility for student outcomes, and motivation to teach. Qualitatively, teachers expressed more confidence in their ability to motivate students, engage them through active learning, and manage the class through positive rather than negative reinforcement. Teachers’ own self-regulation improved as they made efforts to build supporting relationships with students. Together, these results demonstrated that (i) teacher affective-motivational attitudes can be altered with professional development, (ii) basic neuroscience, as knowledge of how students learn, can improve teacher competency, and (iii) a training-of-trainers model can be effective in a low and middle income country for disseminating neuroscience knowledge, increasing teachers’ knowledge of students’ social and emotional needs, and promoting educational improvement.

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