Longitudinal geo-referenced field evidence for the heightened BMI responsiveness of obese women to price discounts on carbonated soft drinks

There is increasing interest in the effect that food environments may have on obesity, particularly through mechanisms related to the marketing and consumption of calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods and sugary beverages. Price promotions, such as temporary price discounts, have been particularly effective in the marketing of carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) among consumers. Research has also suggested that the purchasing behavior of consumer groups may be differentially sensitive to price discounts on CSDs, with obese women particularly sensitive. In addition, the intensity of price discount in a person’s food environment may also vary across geography and over time. This study examines whether the weight change of obese women, compared to overweight or normal BMI women, is more sensitive to the intensity of price discounts on CSDs in the food environment. This study used longitudinal survey data from 1622 women in the Montreal Neighborhood Networks and Health Aging (MoNNET-HA) Panel. Women were asked to report their height and weight in 2008, 2010 and 2013 in order to calculate women’s BMI in 2008 and their change of weight between 2008 and 2013. Women’s exposure to an unhealthy food environment was based on the frequency in which their neighborhood food stores placed price discounts on CSDs in 2008. The price discount frequency on CSDs within women’s neighborhoods was calculated from Nielsen point-of sales transaction data in 2008 and geocoded to participant’s forward sortation area. The prevalence of obesity and overweight among MoNNET-HA female participants was 18.3% in 2008, 19.9% in 2010 and 20.7% in 2013 respectively. Results showed that among obese women, exposure to unhealthy food environments was associated with a 3.25 kilogram (SE = 1.35, p-value = 0.02) weight gain over the five-year study period. Exposure to price discounts on CSDs may disproportionately affect and reinforce weight gain in women who are already obese.

Pay Now or Pay Later: The Impact of Time on Payment Preference in Hotel Booking

The “book now, pay later” phenomenon is one form of payment which has flow-on effects such as increasing last-minute cancelations. To encourage prepayment, some hotels have been offering a price discount or free upgrade for choosing the “pay now” option, but little is known about which incentives can generate better outcomes. This study aims to examine what types of payment options are preferable based on the time between booking and check-in (i.e. temporal distance), and to investigate how the payment options and temporal distance jointly influence perceived risks. The findings demonstrate that while people prefer the pay now with monetary incentive option when traveling time is in the near future, they mostly prefer the pay later option when traveling time is distant. In addition, people planning a trip in the distant future perceive significantly higher risks from the pay now with non-monetary and monetary incentive options than from the pay later option.

Spatiotemporal effects of proximity to metro extension on housing price dynamics in Manhattan, New York City

Investment in public transportation such as a metro line extension is often capitalized partially into housing values due to the spatiotemporal effects. Using housing transaction data from 2014 to 2019, this paper studies the Second Avenue Subway or Q-line extension in New York’s City’s Manhattan borough. Multiple metro station catchment areas were investigated using spatial autocorrelation-corrected hedonic pricing models to capture the variation of housing price dynamics. The results indicate that properties in closer proximity to the Q-line extension received higher price discounts. The effect varied by occupancy type and building form: condominiums experienced the highest price discount, while walk-up and elevator co-ops experienced a price premium. After controlling for location variations, we observed price discounts on the westside and price premiums on the eastside of the Q-line. Residential properties within 150 m west to the Q-line extension received the highest price discount post operation, while on the eastside, properties in the same proximity received the highest price premium. The anticipation effect varies by distance to metro extension stations, both before and after the operation of metro line extension. We discuss the disruption of metro construction on the housing market depending on housing type, location variation, and changes over time.

STRATEGI SALES PROMOTION PRICE DISCOUNT DALAM MENDORONG PEMBELIAN IMPULSIF PRODUK JENIS MINUMAN ISOTONIK Di PT. AMERTA INDAH OTSUKA”.

Penelitian ini berjudul “strategi sales promotion price discount dalam mendorong pembelian impulsif produk jenis minuman isotonik di pt. amerta indah otsuka” mempunyai tujuan untuk menggambarkan strategi seles promotion price discount dalam mendorong pembelian impulsif produk jenis minuman isotonic di PT. Amerta Indah Otsuka. Pada penelitian ini Metode yang di gunakan ialah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Adapun informan dalam penelitian ini para konsumen yang menjadi pelanggan di PT. Amerta Indah Otsuka yang berada di sekitar Lombok Timur. Penentuan informan menggunakan tehnik probabilitiy sampling dengan simple random sampling, dan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan Wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, sedangkan analisis data menggunakan Pengumpulan Data, reduksi data, penyajian data serta penyimpulan dan penyajian data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Variabel discount dapat mendorong peningkatan impulse buying konsumen pada PT. Amerta Indah Otsuka. discount yang diberiakn mampu meningkatkan volume penjulan minuman jenis isotenik pada PT. Amerta Indah Otsuka. Berarti strategi seles promosi dengan menggunakan diskon sudah berhasil dan mampu menarik atau mempengaruhi minat beli masyarakat, Disamping promosi seles diskon yang digunakan pihak PT. Amerta Indah Otsuka harus juga memperhatikan merchandising produknya Karen hal ini juga sangat berpengaruh terhadap keingin konsumen untuk mau berbelanja di PT. Amerta Indah Otsuka

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERILAKU IMPULSE BUYING KONSUMEN PRODUK ORIFLAME DI KOTA LANGSA

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of personal selling, price discount, and bonus packs on the impulse buying of Oriflame consumers in Langsa City. The sample in this study amounted to 97 respondents. The sampling technique used in this study is non-probability sampling. The data analysis method used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis, t test, F test and coefficient of determination. The regression equation in this study is: Y = 4.239 + 0.300x1+ 0.124x2 + 0.339x3. The constant 4.239 shows the value of impulse buying if personal selling, price discounts and bonus packs are fixed. The coefficients of personal selling variables, price discounts and bonus packs have a positive effect on impulse buying of consumers of Oriflame products in Langsa City. Based on partial and simultaneous hypothesis testing, personal selling, price discount and bonus pack variables have a significant effect on impulse buying. The value of the coefficient of determination of 0.604 or 60.4% can be concluded that impulse buying can be explained by personal selling, price discounts, and bonus packs, while the remaining 39.6% can be explained by factors not included in the study.