Role of microstructure on sulfide stress cracking of oil and gas pipeline steels

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1089-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Chun Zhao ◽  
Bei Tang ◽  
Yi-Yin Shan ◽  
Ke Yang
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

Failure Along Spiral Welds in Gas Pipeline

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh Al-Sulaiman ◽  
Shabbir Safri ◽  
Abdul Salam ◽  
Chi Lee
Keyword(s):  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Failure Investigation ◽  
Oil Export ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking ◽  
Operational Constraints ◽  
Sour Gas

A 16 km. long, 18” Gas pipeline (HP055) was in service to transport High Pressure Gas from an oil gathering center in West Kuwait (WK) area since 2001. The Pipeline carried wet sour gas. It was inspected in 2008 using high resolution MFL-ILI tool. No significant corrosion was found. In late 2012, a leak developed in the pipeline. The leak was due to a crack along a spiral weld on the bottom. Inspection during repairs revealed severe internal pitting on the bottom. The pipeline continued to leak several times in the next year, eventually resulting in decommissioning of the pipeline. Another ILI could not be carried out due to operational constraints and frequent leaks. The Pipeline was critical in the operation of the oil gathering center, and the loss of it severally affected the gas/oil export target and the flaring reduction commitment. An internal failure investigation was inconclusive, though indicating possibility of sulfide stress cracking. The failure investigation work was then entrusted to TWI, UK. A failed section of the pipeline was sent to their facilities and various tests including Chemical analysis, tensile test, residual stress measurement, SSC/HIC test, microstructure analysis, and analysis of corrosion products were carried out. The outcome of the tests and conclusion was very surprising. This paper describes in detail the leaks, inspection of leak locations, and the failure investigation findings and conclusions.

Sulfide Stress Cracking Susceptibility of Welded X-60 and X-65 Pipeline Steels

CORROSION ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Natividad ◽  
M. Salazar ◽  
A. Contreras ◽  
A. Albiter ◽  
R. Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pipeline Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

Evaluation of Stress Corrosion Cracking, Sulfide Stress Cracking, Galvanic-Induced Hydrogen Stress Cracking, and Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of Aged UNS N06625 Forged Bars

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3590 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 1207-1219
Author(s):  
A. Febbrari ◽  
R. Montani ◽  
C. Veronesi ◽  
M. Cavagnola ◽  
E. Brognoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Aged Alloy ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

UNS N06625 is a nickel-based superalloy used for oil and gas applications and commonly produced according to NACE MR0175 in the annealed/solution annealed condition. The annealing/solution annealing treatment makes the material corrosion resistant in the most challenging environments, in the presence of sulfides and chlorides at high pressure and temperature. However, thanks to its chemical composition, UNS N06625 can also be considered as an age-hardenable material whose mechanical strength can be improved by promoting the metastable second phase γ′′ precipitation into the γ matrix. However, the corrosion behavior of the aged alloy has never been investigated in NACE environments. This paper aims to understand the suitability of the age-hardened condition of UNS N06625 for oil and gas applications through the evaluation of the material corrosion performance in NACE level VII environments by using NACE TM0177 tests. Three heats of UNS N06625 have been produced and forged in different bar diameters: 152 mm (6 in), 203.2 mm (8 in), and 254 mm (10 in). Afterward, the bars have been annealed and age-hardened according to optimized time-temperature parameters and finally tested to assess their mechanical properties and resistance to stress corrosion cracking, sulfide stress cracking, galvanic-induced hydrogen stress cracking, and hydrogen embrittlement.

Effects of Nano-sized Microalloyed Carbonitrides and High-density Pinned Dislocations on Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistance of Pipeline Steels

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2248-2251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Chun Zhao ◽  
Ke Yang
Keyword(s):  
Acicular Ferrite ◽  
Microalloyed Steel ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Pipeline Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance was investigated by comparing acicular ferrite (AF) and ferrite-pearlite (FP) in a microalloyed steel and in a non-microalloyedsteel. In microalloyed steel, AF exhibited better SSC resistance than FP, while in non-microalloyed steel, AF presented far worse SSC resistance than FP. In microalloyed steel, nano-sized carbonitrides and high-density pinned dislocations in AF were analyzed to behave as innocuous hydrogen traps, offering numerous sites for hydrogen redistribution and modifying critical cracking conditions. Dislocations in AF of microalloyed steel in the final analysis are attributed to pinning by the nano-sized carbonitrides.

The Role of Hydrogen in Sulfide Stress Cracking of Low Alloy Steels

CORROSION ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 240-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Berkowitz ◽  
F. H. Heubaum
Keyword(s):  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

Sulfide stress cracking of nickel-containing low-alloy steels

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 101-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Kappes ◽  
Mariano Iannuzzi ◽  
Raúl B. Rebak ◽  
Ricardo M. Carranza
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking ◽  
Sour Service

AbstractLow-alloy steels (LAS) are extensively used in oil and gas (O&G) production due to their good mechanical properties and low cost. Even though nickel improves mechanical properties and hardenability with low penalty on weldability, which is critical for large subsea components, nickel content cannot exceed 1-wt% when used in sour service applications. The ISO 15156-2 standard limits the nickel content in LAS on the assumption that nickel concentrations above 1-wt% negatively impact sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance. This restriction excludes a significant number of high-strength and high-toughness alloys, such as Ni-Cr-Mo (e.g., UNS G43200 and G43400), Ni-Mo (e.g., UNS G46200), and Ni-Cr-Mo-V grades, from sour service applications and can be used only if successfully qualified. However, the standard is based on controversial research conducted more than 40 years ago. Since then, researchers have suggested that it is the microstructure that determines SSC resistance, regardless of Ni content. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of nickel-containing LAS in terms of strength, weldability, hardenability, potential weight savings, and cost reduction. Likewise, the state of knowledge on the effect of nickel on hydrogen absorption as well as SSC initiation and propagation kinetics is critically reviewed.

The Role of Nickel in the Sulfide Stress Cracking of Low-Alloy Steels

CORROSION ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Craig ◽  
J. K. Brownlee ◽  
T. V. Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking
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