ESSENTIAL AND VEGETABLE OILS: RAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BIOPRODUCTS IN CLASSES IN EXPERIMENTAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. A schedule was prepared for three undergraduate classes for the discipline of experimental organic chemistry for obtaining bioproducts. As natural raw materials, lavender flowers and cinnamon peels were used to obtain hydrolates and essential oils (Class 1), coconut and avocado pulp to obtain vegetable oils and annatto seeds to obtain a natural dye (Class 2 ). Cosmetic bioproducts (Class 3), body emulsions similar to those found on the market, were obtained from the mixture of essential and vegetable oils and the addition of natural dye. The raw materials obtained can also be used in other classes of the discipline, complying with the principles of Green Chemistry. Essential oils, for example, can be used as samples for Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) classes and vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel.
Abstract
A simple method is proposed for determination of aflatoxins in vegetable oils. The method was successfully applied to both crude and degummed oils. The oil sample, dissolved in hexane, was applied to a silica column and washed with ether, toluene, and chloroform; aflatoxins were eluted from the column with chloroform-methanol (97 + 3). As quantitated by thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography, the oils analyzed contained aflatoxin Bx at levels of 5-200 αg/kg. Recoveries of aflatoxin Bi standards added to aflatoxin-free oils were between 89.5 and 93.5%, with coefficients of variation of 6.3- 8.0%.
Abstract
A simple and reliable method is described for rapid identification of ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, ethoxyquin, gallates (lauryl, octyl, propyl), nordihydroguaiaretic acid, 3,3’-thiodipropionic acid, tocopherol, t-butylhydroquinone, and 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone in lards, shortenings, and vegetable oils. The antioxidants are extracted with 95% methanol, concentrated under vacuum at ≤45°C, and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Three elution solvents, 2 adsorbent types, 2 visualization sprays, and UV viewing at 254 and 366 nm are used. Sunflower and corn oil samples, fortified with 100 ppm antioxidant, were analyzed to establish the validity of the method.
In the present study, biodiesel has been prepared from Karanja seeds which have been dried, dehulled and powdered. In-situ transesterification is done using the seed powder at a temperature of 50 °C. The molar ratio of methanol to oil (8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1), KOH concentration (2.0 wt %, 1.5 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.25 wt %) and time (60 min, 45 min, 30 min, 15 min and 10 min) were studied. In this method glycerol (which is obtained as a by-product in conventional method of biodiesel) is adsorbed onto the oilseeds. Hence the glycerol removal step is eliminated. To better evaluate the conversion of the vegetable oils into the respective methyl esters, the transesterification reactions were monitored by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). In this paper the feasibility of biodiesel formation is tested and is hence proven that biodiesel can be formed by this process. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i4.22623 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(4), 211-218, 2014
Comparative Evaluation of Thin-layer Chromatography/ High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography Fingerprint Profiles of Successive Extracts in Development of Standardization Protocol for Ayurvedic, Siddha or Unani Formulations