Neither Wild nor Cultivated: American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) Seller Surveys Provide Insights into in situ Planting and Husbandry1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric P. Burkhart ◽  
Sarah E. Nilson ◽  
Cathryn V. Pugh ◽  
Grady H. Zuiderveen
Keyword(s):  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius

Effect of planting bed shape, mulch and soil density on root yield and shape in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 937-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Roy ◽  
B. R. Ball Coelho ◽  
R. D. Reeleder ◽  
A. J. Bruin ◽  
R. Grohs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
First Year ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Pre Treatment

Ginseng root value varies with shape. To increase understanding of factors affecting root shape and growth, we conducted a 4-yr field experiment with three planting bed shapes with and without straw mulch cover, and 3-yr duplicate experiments with varied soil textures and bulk densities (BD). Panax quinquefolius L. plants either remained undisturbed for 3 yr in vertical tiles where sand or loam soil was compacted to differing BD, or were transplanted into low BD soil after 1 yr. Transplanting aimed to demonstrate the influence of conditions encountered in the first year of growth on mature root shape, and to explore opportunities to manage beds and manipulate root shape in transplanted ginseng, which may be a common practice in future. Without mulch, 4th year root yields were reduced by 65%, primarily due to a 60% reduction in plant stand which occurred by the end of the seedling year. Seeding directly into the ground resulted in yields similar to conventional rounded beds and a greater proportion of roots of favourable shape, likely due to greater soil BD in ground plots than round beds. Relative to low BD, high BD soil resulted in shorter, rounder "chunk" grade roots after 1 and 3 yr growth in situ. After 3 yr, roots were shorter and rounder in loam than in sand. Soil BD effects were not retained after 3 yr for replants, so high BD pre-treatment of transplants will not improve root shape over the longer term. Moderate soil compaction may reduce production of undesirable pencil-grade roots, but there is a yield trade-off with high BD soils. A high BD must be maintained for >1 yr, and a decline in stand is likely in compacted loam soil which has slow drainage. Key words: Root grade, North American ginseng, American ginseng

scholarly journals Floral Biology and Seed Production in Cultivated North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cayetana Schluter ◽  
Zamir K. Punja
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
North American ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Pollen Release

Morphological characteristics of flowers, duration of flowering, degree of self-pollination, and extent of berry and seed production in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were studied under controlled environmental conditions as well as under field conditions. A comparison was also made between plants of 3 and 4 years of age at two field locations. The duration of flowering was ≈4 weeks and was similar in plants of both age groups grown in the two environments; however, 4-year-old plants produced an average of 40% more flowers (≈100 per plant in total) compared to 3-year-old plants. Flowers were comprised of five greenish-colored petals, five stamens, and an inferior ovary consisting of predominantly two fused carpels and stigmatic lobes. Anthers dehisced in staggered succession within individual flowers, and flowering began with the outermost edge of the umbel and proceeded inwards. At any given time during the 4-week flowering period, ≈10% of the flowers in an umbel had recently opened and were producing pollen. Stigma receptivity was associated with separation of the stigmatic lobes; this occurred at some time after pollen release. Growth of pollen tubes through the style in naturally pollinated flowers was most evident when the stigmatic lobes had separated. The proportion of flowers that developed into mature berries (pollination success rate) was in the range of 41% to 68% for both 3-year-old and 4-year-old plants. However, when the inflorescence was bagged during the flowering period, berry formation was increased by 13% to 21% in 4-year-old plants, depending on location. A majority of the berries (92% to 99%) contained one or two seeds in an almost equal frequency, with the remaining berries containing three seeds. In 4-year-old plants, the frequency of two-seeded berries was increased by ≈13% by bagging the inflorescence. These observations indicate that P. quinquefolius is highly self-fertile and that several physiological and environmental factors can affect seed production.

The North American ginseng inflorescence: development, floret abscission zone, and the effect of ethylene

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1048-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea E Fiebig ◽  
John TA Proctor ◽  
Usher Posluszny ◽  
Dennis P Murr
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Zone Formation ◽  
Zone Length ◽  
The North ◽  
Seed Head ◽  
Industry Practice

Characterization of the North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) inflorescence, the floret abscission zone, and its stimulation by ethylene were undertaken to gain insights into the potential for floret abscission induction as a replacement for the industry practice of expensive manual removal of the inflorescence. In each of 3 years, peduncle length of 3-year-old cultivated ginseng inflorescences increased rapidly in June, reaching maximal values of 140–180 mm. During this period, seed head diameter also increased to about 35 mm, while seed head fresh mass increased in July and August to 6.5–8.0 g. Flowering in 1996 and 1997 began in the last 2 weeks of June and lasted through July, with open flowers never exceeding 35%. Anatomical studies and manual dissection of 1- and 3-year-old perennating buds revealed development of the floral primordia first at their periphery and progressing centripetally. Stamen initials were seen as a pentamerous whorl just under the petal primordia, and the characteristic inferior ovary initiated as a slight depression at the centre of the floral meristem. Sections through 3-year-old inflorescences harvested on May 23, 1996, showed that distal floral apices had already formed constriction zones between the flower and the pedicel, indicating the position of the abscission zone. Length of time to ethylene-induced abscission zone formation was less than 24 h in 3-year-old ginseng harvested on July 23, 1997. The abscission threshold for ginseng berry drop was in the range of 10-100 µL·L–1 ethylene.Key words: anatomy, flowering, Panax quinquefolius, perennating bud.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Tissue Culture of American Ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius )

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baobao Qiang ◽  
Jianhua Miao ◽  
Nate Phillips ◽  
Kunhua Wei ◽  
Ying Gao
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Recent Advances

Arbuscular mycorrhizae of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in cultivated field plots: plant age affects the development of a colonization lag phase

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1028-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
T P McGonigle ◽  
J P Hovius ◽  
R L Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Hyphal Coils

Temporal patterns of colonization of roots of perennials by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are poorly understood because annual crops are more often studied. The objective was to monitor in detail the growth and mycorrhizae of the perennial American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) over the first 2 years after seeding. In particular, the extent of carry-over of colonization into the second year was examined. Delayed germination of some seeds caused by chance-driven variability in the time needed for seed maturation after seed collection provided an opportunity to compare first- and second-year plants under identical conditions in the second year. For all plants, development of arbuscules rose to a maximum in mid-August, falling partially thereafter. Production of hyphal coils proceeded more slowly but steadily, so that end-of-season colonization was composed equally of arbuscules and hyphal coils. Between seasons, taproot dry mass was reduced by 18%, whereas lateral root length increased by 15%. These changes were probably caused by root turnover, which left little initial colonization of roots at the start of the second year. Strikingly, second-year plants did not exhibit a colonization lag phase, whereas a lag of 43 days was seen for the first-year plants alongside. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.Key words: perennial, arbuscules, hyphal coils, taproot, Ontario.

Possible Differential Induction of Phase 2 Enzyme and Antioxidant Pathways by American Ginseng,Panax quinquefolius

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence S. Lee ◽  
Stephen D. Wise ◽  
Clark Chan ◽  
Teresa L. Parsons ◽  
Charles Flexner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Differential Induction

scholarly journals Callus of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) as a source of ginsenosides – medicinal secondary metabolites

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Kochan ◽  
Aleksander Chmiel
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Active Substances

Abstract:Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius) are valuable medicinal herbs whose roots have been used for ages in traditional medicine in China and North America as vitalizing and stimulating agents. The roots are obtained mainly from field cultivation, which is a slow (5-7 years long), laborious, and troublesome process; so in vitro methods started to be used to produce ginseng biomass. In our study, non-organogenic callus of P. quinquefolius synthesized the same active substances like field roots, for more than 6 years. The ginsenosides are derivatives of protopanaxadiol (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd) or protopanaxatriol (Rg1, Re). The synthesis of Rg1and Re metabolites is preferred in calli cultured in the dark and with ageing of culture.

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